Since 1978, the malaria research lab has always included an active group of graduate and undergraduate students and lab guide Dr. Joseph Schall. The photo was taken one summer day after the new lab t-shirts arrived. On the shirts is seen the most recent, well-resolved, phylogeny of malaria parasites that was recovered in the lab. A brief biography of each current lab member appears below. Shown above are Nate Hicks who graduated with highest distinction in 2011, Katie St. Denis who graduated in 2010 and is now a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania, graduate student Alli Neal, Alice Flynn Ford who graduated in 2010 and is now in an MD/PhD program at the University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Schall.

Jos. J. Schall
Professor of Biology
University of Vermont
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Jos. J. Schall has been on the faculty of the University of Vermont since 1980. He received his BS from Penn State, the MS from the University of Rhode Island, and the Ph.D. from the University of Texas. His interests in graduate school were community ecology and geographic trends in species richness. He conducted field work in the diverse Cnemidophorus lizard asemblage in the desert of SW Texas. Some of this work was published with his mentor, Eric Pianka. Schall's interests then shifted to parasites, and he was awarded an NIH individual postdoc at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked with noted parasitologist John Simmons.

Since 1978 he has conducted a long-term study of the malaria parasites of lizards at a site in northern California (UC's Hopland Research and Extension Center field station), and several Caribbean sites, including a long-term study on the tiny islands of Saba and St. Martin and the LTER site at El Verde in Puerto Rico. A study in Sierra Leone, west Africa, while productive, had to end because of civil war. In a break from studies on parasites, he worked with graduate students Denise Dearing and Steve Ressel on diet selection by herbivorous lizards on small Caribbean islands and with graduate student Diane (Cannon) Faile on the nesting behavior of the Pelagic Cormorant.

Schall has been honored by the University of Vermont with the two highest awards for teaching excellence, and the university's highest award for research excellence. His research has been continuously funded for more than 30 years by the NSF, and by the Morris Animal Foundation for studies on avian malaria parasites. His work has resulted in more than 90 publications in major scientific journals.


Allison Neal
Graduate Student in Biology
University of Vermont
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Visit Alli's website

Alli entered our graduate program in the fall of 2009, but was already very familiar to the Biology Department. She graduated with her BA in Biology after completing her Senior Honors project in the malaria lab. Each year, the department honors the graduating senior with the highest GPA, and Alli was our 2009 winner! Naturally, we tried to lure Alli into staying on as a graduate student, and were very pleased that she has accepted. Alli did field work at the California (Hopland) field site with undergraduate Honors student Jennifer Fricke in the summer of 2008. This jump-started her grad project. Alli has returned to the Hopland site for the full summers of 2009, 2010, and 2012.

Her research examines the gametocyte sex ratio of Plasmodium mexicanum, particularly the influence of clonal diversity within an infection on the parasite's sex ratio. She uses a combination of classical parasitological techniques (hundreds of hours on the microscope), modern molecular methods (genotyping infections using variable genetic markers), and modeling. Alli demonstrated that there is genetic diversity for sex ratio when parasites are in single-clone infections, only the second time this has been documented (although the effect may be common). That study was published in Parasitology, Alli's first publication. Alli's second publication, also in Parasitology, examined the relationship between the fecundity (number of gametes produced) for male gametocyte cells and infection sex ratio (the relationship matched expectations of sex ratio theory).

Alli has received two wonderful honors: She was awarded the EAPSI NSF summer fellowship to study with Robert Poulin in New Zealand, and received a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship for three years which is perhaps the highest honor for a science graduate student. Her work with Dr. Poulin centered on how the larvae of a marine trematode worm finds its preferred substrate, and resulted in a publication in Journal of Parasitology.

Alli is also an avid teacher, and has volunteered at a local Middle School, and already has taken a series of undergrad and high school researchers under wing both in the field and the lab.


Megan Lind
Undergraduate Honors Student
University of Vermont
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Megan is in the Honors College as well as a major in our department. Megan joined us in her Sophomore year, and is now completing her Senior Honors project in the lab. From her first days in the lab, Megan has proven to be a jill-of-all-trades, working on a wide variety of studies, including a survey of the white blood cell classes of lizards, the genetic diversity of Plasmodium mexicanum, and developing variable genetic markers for a sand fly species, including RAPDs and microsatellites. In addition to being a skilled laboratory researcher, Megan has spent two summers at the California field site working with Dr. Anne Vardo-Zalik of Penn State University on the sand fly vector of P. mexicanum. Megan's work has been honored with a summer APLE fellowship, one of only only a few awarded each year by College of Arts and Sciences.

For her Honors project, Megan chose an ambitious research program. She sought to understand the genetic diversity of both the malaria parasite and its sand fly vector. First, Megan asked if specific clones of the parasite are more or less likely to occur in mixed-clone infections than others, the first time this has been done for any malaria parasite. Her second project seeks to understand the geographic patterns in sand fly genetic diversity (thus the search for useful markers).

Megan blends interests she inherited from her parents, a planned career in medicine (her father is a cardiologist) and fencing (her mother was a varsity fencer as an undergraduate). Megan has competed in fencing at the national level, placing very high in her event. We try not to make jokes about the a medical professional who can stab 'em and then treat 'em (OK, that was a joke).


Annika Nilsson
Undergraduate Research Student
University of Vermont
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Annika is a Junior Anthropology major and plans a career in public health and international development. Her interests began early in life because Annika comes from a family involved in public health research and she has lots of world travel experience. Annika wisely sought us out to learn something about research methods in infectious disease, and has been in the lab for the past two years. Annika has been working closely with graduate student Alli Neal, helping both with the molecular studies and extracting lots of data from the microscope blood smears (old-fashioned counting of parasites), and has become a very valuable member of the lab group. Annika's genotyping results proved so reliable that she became the summer research assistant in 2012, producing excellent data for the ongoing studies of P. mexicanum genetic diversity. For Annika's Junior project she has been looking at Plasmodium gametocyte sex ratio at sites where the parasite is common vs. rare to test one prediction from sex ratio theory. She has already almost completed the data gathering for the California system (lots and lots of slides to examine!), and has now moved onto two lizard malaria parasites from west Africa using slides made many years ago. Best of all, Annika is now helping train new undergraduate researchers in the lab.

Krystina Kattermann
Undergraduate Research Apprenticet
University of Vermont
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Krystina was "discovered" when she was a student in the introductory biology course for the top 10% of our entering life science students taught by Schall. She did so well, that we lured her into the lab. Krystina is a Microbiology and Molecular Genetics major with a medical career in her future. During her first semester as a Research Apprentice, Krystina helped in a variety of lab duties, and in her second semester she is working with graduate student Alli Neal's study of gametocyte sex ratio at sites where the malaria parasite is common vs. rare. Krystina will feel pulled between everyone who wants her to work on their part of the project (Alli, Annika, and Schall). Krystina is an avid athlete, competing in downhill skiing in high school, and now swimming here at UVM.

Leah Rogstad
Undergraduate Honors Student
University of Vermont
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Leah is the newest member of the lab group, joining us in the spring 2013 semester. Leah was a student in our introductory biology course offered for the top 10% of entering life science majors taught by Dr. Schall. She did so well that we threw out bread crumbs to lead her into the lab. Leah is interested in a career in public health and international development (and thus is a Global Studies major), and seemed a perfect match for the lab (infectious disease!). She is working with our other public health fan, Junior Annika Nilsson. Now Annika will have someone to talk to! Leah will start by helping with Alli Neal's study of gametocyte sex ratio at different sites, and then who knows!

Dr. Orsoya R. Molnar
Postgraduate Fellow
Dartmouth University
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Orsi has recently received her Ph.D. from the Eotvos Lorand University in Hungary, and she will soon move to Dartmouth University as a postdoc in the laboratory of Dr. Ryan Calsbeek. Orsi has conducted some of the most detailed and important studies on how colors play a role in sexual selection, using a common European lizard as her model system. The results of these studies show clearly that the colors humans see when we look at an animal do not necessarily match what is important for the animal's mate choice. Orsi's interests are very broad, and now include the role of parasites in sexual selection. Orsi will collaborate with our lab on studies of the taxonomic diversity of haemogregarine parasites in the population of lizards she studied in Hungary, and the systematics of malaria parasites of South American lizards.