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Newspapers
al-‘Anba (Kuwait)
al-Hayat (London)
al-Qabas (Kuwait)
al-Ra’i al-‘Am (Kuwait)
al-Sharq al-Awsat (London)
al-Watan (Kuwait)
Arab News (Saudi Arabia)
Associated Press
Baghdad Observer (Iraq)
CNN.com
Financial Times (London)
GulfWire
Islamic Republic News Agency
Jordan Times (Jordan)
Los Angeles Times
Middle East Economic Survey
New York Times
Newsweek
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly
Reuters
Rooz on-line
Times (London)
USA Today
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Washington Times
Interviews
(These interviews were conducted over a period of almost 20 years. The interviewees are organized by their country of origin, though some of them were interviewed in other locations. I provide the position that each interviewee held at the time of the interview, or, if more relevant, a former position that gave the person knowledge of the events under discussion. I also benefited from informal discussions with academic colleagues and other informed observers of the political scene in all these countries over the course of my research.)
Bahrain
Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Crown Prince, Manama, May 1999
Muhammad Abd al-Ghaffar, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Manama, December 2006
Egypt
Muhammad Sid Ahmad, columnist, al-Ahali newspaper, Cairo, July 1988
Gihad Auda, Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies, Cairo, July 1988
Mamduh al-Baltagi, Chairman, State Information Service, Cairo, July 1988
Ali Dessouki, Cairo University, Cairo, July 1988
Tariq Foda, Dept. Editor in Chief, Akhbar al-Yawm newspaper, Cairo, July 1988
Gen. Tal’at Musallam (ret.), Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies, Cairo, July 1988
Salama Ahmad Salama, Managing Editor, al-Ahram newspaper, Cairo, July 1988
Iraq
Muhammad Abd al-Jabbar, former al-Da’wa Party member, London, March 1999
Ghassan Attiya, former official in Iraqi Foreign Ministry, London, March 1999
Tariq Aziz, Deputy Prime Minister, New York, May 1995
Nizar Hamdoon, Ambassador to the United Nations, New York, June 1996
Ghanim Jawad, former al-Da’wa Party member, London, March 1999
Yousif al-Khoei, al-Khoei Foundation, London, March 1999
Jordan
Ziad Abu Ghanimeh, spokesman, Muslim Brotherhood, Amman, May 1991
Adnan Abu Odeh, Minister of the Royal Court, Amman, July 1988
Political Adviser to the King, Amman, May 1991
Kamil Abu Jabber, former foreign minister, Amman, May 1991
Adnan al-Bakhayt, University of Jordan, Amman, May 1991
Ibrahim ‘Iz al-Din, Minister of Information, Amman, May 1991
Fahd al-Fanek, Arab Thought Forum, Amman, July 1988
George Hawatmeh, editor, Jordan Times, Amman, May 1991
Hani al-Khasawney, Minister of Information, Amman, July 1988
Marwan al-Qasim, Chief of the Royal Court, Amman, May 1991
Zeid al-Rifai, former prime minister, Amman, May 1991
Mahmud al-Sharif, editor in chief, al-Dustur newspaper, Amman, July 1988 and May 1991
Laith al-Shubaylat, member of parliament, Amman, May 1991
Amin al-Shuqayr, head of the Ba’th Party of Jordan, Amman, May 1991
Walid Tash, former ambassador to the United Nations, Amman, May 1991
Falih al-Tawil, director of research, Foreign Ministry, Amman, May 1991
Khalid Ubaydat, director of political affairs, Foreign Ministry, Amman, May 1991
Salih al-Zu’bi, Institute for Strategic Studies, Jordan University, Amman, July 1988
Secretary-General, Jordanian Parliament, Amman, May 1991
Kuwait
Abd al-Rahman al-Awadi, former cabinet minister, Kuwait, May 1997
Ahmad Baqir, member of parliament, Kuwait, May 1997
Abdallah Bishara, Secretary General, Gulf Cooperation Council, Riyadh, May 1991
former Sec. Gen., GCC, Kuwait, May 1997
Ibrahim al-Baho, ambassador to Iraq (1988-90), Kuwait, May 1997
Hassan al-Ebraheem, former cabinet minister, Kuwait, May 1997
Abd al-Latif al-Hamad, director, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, former Minister of Finance, Kuwait, May 1997
Sami al-Munayyis, member of parliament, Kuwait, May 1997
Sulayman al-Mutawwa’, former cabinet minister, Kuwait, May 1997
Saud al-Osaimi, former Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Kuwait, May 1997
Jasim al-Qattami, former undersecretary of Foreign Ministry, member of parliament, Kuwait, May 1997
Muhammad al-Rumaihi, editor, al-Arabi magazine, Kuwait, May 1997
Jasim al-Saqr, member of parliament, Kuwait, May 1997
Isa Majid al-Shaheen, spokesman, Muslim Brotherhood, Kuwait, May 1997
Sulayman Majid al-Shaheen, undersecretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kuwait, May 1997
Nadir Sultan, deputy chairman, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait, May 1997
Oman
Saif bin Hashil al-Maskari, Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs, Gulf Cooperation Council, Riyadh, January 1989
Abd al-Aziz al-Rawwas, Minister of Information, Muscat, March 1990
Sayyid Haytham bin Tariq bin Taymur al-Sa’id, undersecretary of the Foreign Ministry, Muscat, March 1990
Saudi Arabia
Saad al-Faqih, Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, London, March 1999
Abd al-Aziz al-Fayez, member of the consultative council, January 2005
Abd al-Karim Hamadi, political adviser to the secretary general, Gulf Cooperation Council, Riyadh, May 1991
Muhammad al-Hulwa, member of the consultative council, January 2007
Khalid al-Jindan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Riyadh, May 1991
Jamal Khashogji, managing editor, Arab News newspaper, Jeddah, May 1999
Abd al-Rahman al-Mansuri, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jeddah, October 1992
Jufayn al-Qahtani, executive director, Saudi Committee for Development of International Trade, Saudi Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Riyadh, May 1991
Abdallah al-Quwaiz, Assistant Secretary General for Economic Affairs, Gulf Cooperation Council, Riyadh, January 1989 and May 1991
Prince Abd al-Aziz bin Salman Al Saud, Deputy Minister of Oil, Riyadh, May 1999
Prince Abdallah bin Faysal bin Turki Al Saud, director general, Royal Commission on Jubail and Yanbu, Riyadh, January 1989 and May 1991
Prince Nayif bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, Minister of Interior, Riyadh, January 2005
Prince Saud Al Faysal Al Saud, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Riyadh, January 2007
Prince Turki Al Faysal Al Saud, former director of Foreign Intelligence, Riyadh, January 2007
Abd al-Rahman al-Zamil, Deputy Minister of Commerce, Riyadh, May 1991
Syria
George Jabour, office of the president, Damascus, March 1998
Walid Muallim, ambassador to the United States, Washington, April 1998
Muhammad Aziz Shukri, Dean of the Law School, University of Damascus, March 1998
Adnan Umran, Deputy Foreign Minister, Damascus, March 1998