- c++
{filename}
- A compiler for the C++ programming language. Command line parameters
are similar to the "cc" compiler"s. A typical invocation might be "c++
-g file.cpp -o executablename -llib".
- cat
{filename}
- Prints out ( to the screen ) the contents of the named file. Can also
be used to concatenate files. Say you want file1 and file2 to be all
together in one file named file3. If file1 is first, then "cat file1
file2 > file3" will produce the correct file3.
- cc
- A compiler for the "C" programming language. "cc" is ANSI compatible
on the SGI, IBM, and newer Sun machines. You might try also try "gcc",
GNU CC, which is also available on the SGI, SUN, and IBM machines. A
typical invocation might be "cc -g file.c -o executablename -llib".
- cd {dirname}
- Change current directory. Without a "dirname", it will return you
to your home directory. Otherwise, it takes you to the directory named.
"cd /" will take you to the root directory.
- chmod {options}
- Changes the permission modes of a file. If you type "ls -l" in a directory,
you might get something like this:
drwx------ 3 ertle 512 Jul 16 13:38 LaTeX/
drwxr-xr-- 2 ertle 512 Jun22 12:26 X/
drwxr-xr-x 3 ertle 512 Jul 13 16:29 Xroff/
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 373 Oct 3 1992 o.me
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 747 Nov 21 1992 profile
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ertle 244 Jul 16 23:44 zap*
The first part of the line tells you the file"s permissions. For
example, the "X" file permissions start with a "d" which tells that
it is a directory. The next three characters, "rwx" show that the
owner has read, write, and execute permissions on this file. The next
three characters, "r-x" shows that people in the same group have read
and execute permission on the file. Finally, the last three characters
"r-" show that everyone else only has read permission on that file
( To be able to enter a directory, you need read AND execute permission
). Users can use "chmod" to change these permissions. If the user
didn"t want anybody else to be able to enter the "X" directory, they
would change the permissions to look like those of the LaTeX directory,
like this : "chmod og-rx X" - this means remove the read ("r" ) and
execute ("x") permissions from the group ("g") and others ("o").
- cmp {file1} {file2}
- Compares the contents of two files from each other. Reports the first
different character found, and the line number.
- cp {filename(s)}{path}
- Copies files from one directory/filename to another. "cp f1 f2" makes
a file "f2" identical to "f1". "cp *.c src/" copies all files that end
in ".c" into the "src" subdirectory.
- ctags
- Creates a tags file for use with ex and vi. A tags file gives the
location of functions and type definitions in a group of files. ex and
vi use entries in the tags file to locate and display a definition.
- date
- Shows current date and time.
- dbx {executable}
- Source level debugger. In order to use this, you must use the "-g"
option when compiling your source code. Allows you to set break-points,
single step through the program, etc.
- diff {file1} {file2}
- Displays all the differences between two files or directories
to the screen.
- elm {login-name}
- Runs a screen oriented mail reader. With a "login-name", starts elm
to send mail to "login-name". Otherwise, it starts elm for an interactive
session.
- emacs {filename}
- Runs the most recent version of the text editor named EMACS ( produced
by the GNU project ). If filename is present, it will start editing
that file. Type "<CTRL>-x <CTRL>-h t" to start a tutorial.
"<CTRL>-x <CTRL>-c" will exit from emacs.
- env
- Prints out the values for all the current environment variables. Some
typical environment variables are "DISPLAY", "EDITOR", and "PRINTER".
- xemacs {filename}
- An X version of emacs.
- file filename(s)
- Looks at "filename(s)" and tells what type of files they are. This
is useful in checking a file to be sure that it is text before you "cat"
it out (using "cat" on binary files can be a bummer). Example:
ertle@squall (55)> file *
useful.dvi: data
useful.hlp: English text
useful.tex: ascii text
xwin.dvi: data
xwin.tex: English text
ertle@squall (56)>
- find
- Searches the named directory and it"s sub-directories for files. Most
frequently called like this:
find ./ -name "t*" -print
Which searches the current directory ( and all of its sub-directories
) for any files that begin with the letter "t" and then prints them
out. If you are looking for a specific filename, then replace "t*"
with "filename", and "find" will print out all incidences of this
file.
- finger {login-name}
- Without a "login-name", finger shows who is currently logged on the
system, with limited information about them. With a "login-name" you
get more detailed info, along with anything that is in that person"s
".plan" file.
- ftp {address}
- File Transfer Program. "ftp" transfers files to and from a remote
network site. There are many ftp-sites that will let you log in as "anonymous"
and get software/data/documents from them for free. After connecting,
"ls" will print out the files in the current directory, and "get filename"
will transfer the named file into your local directory. Be sure to type
"binary" before transferring non-ascii ( executable, compressed, archived,
etc ) files. To exit "ftp" type "bye". See also "xarchie".
- g++
- GNU project"s compiler for the C++ language. Parameters are similar
to those of "cc". A typical invocation might be "g++ -g filename.cpp
-o executablename -llib". More information available under "libg++"
in the emacs information browser ( M-x info while in emacs ).
- gcc
- GNU project"s compiler for the C language. Command line parameters
are mostly similar to those of "cc". More information available under
"gcc" in the emacs information browser ( M-x info while in emacs ).
- gdb
- GNU project"s source level debugger. Must use the "-g" command line
option when compiling to use this debugger. This debugger is superior
to dbx when called from inside emacs ( M-x gdb ) because it gives you
a full-screen look at the source code instead of line by line, and allows
you to move around and make break-points in the source file. More information
available under "gdb" in the emacs information browser ( M-x info while
in emacs ).
- ghostview {filename.ps}
- X PostScript previewer. PostScript is a text processing and graphics
language, and ghostview is handy for looking at the resulting page or
picture before you send it to the printer.
- ispell filename
- Interactively checks the spelling of the named file, giving logical
alternatives to the misspelled words. Type "?" to get help. "ispell"
can be accessed from the command line, and also through emacs with M-x
ispell-buffer.
- jobs
- Shows backgrounded (<CTRL>-z"ed) processes with pid ../?Page=compservices/unixbasic.php#"s.
If you use "jobs" to find the processes that you have suspended or are
running in the background, what you get back might look like the following:
[1] 21998 Suspended emacs useful.tex
[2] - 22804 Suspended (signal) elm
[3] + 22808 Suspended badb
- jove {filename}
- Johnathan"s Own Version of Emacs. Another emacs editor. Jove doesn"t
have as many features as GNU"s emacs, but some people prefer it. <CTRL>-x
<CTRL>-c to exit.
- less filename
- Displays file with minimal space.
- ln -s {source} {dest}
- Creates a symbolic link from {source} to {dest}. {Source} can be a
directory or a file.
Allows you to move around with ease instead of using long and complicated
path names.
- logout
- Exits and disconnects your network connection.
- lpq {-Pprintername}
- Reports all print jobs in the queue for the named printer. If no printer
is named with -Pprintername, but the "PRINTER" environment variable
is set to a printer name, "lpq" will report on that printer.
- lpr {-Pprintername}filename
- Queues file "filename" to be printed on "printer". If no printer is
specified with -Pprintername, but the "PRINTER" environment variable
is set, then the job will be queued on that printer.
- lprm {-Pprinter}{job-number}
- Lprm removes a job or jobs from a printer"s spooling queue ( i.e.
it stops it from being printed or printing out the rest of the way ).
Typically, you"d get the job number from the "lpq" command, and then
use lprm to stop that job.
- ls
{directory}
- Shows directory listing. If no "directory" is specified, "ls" prints
the names of the files in the current directory.
- ls -l {directory}
- Shows long directory listing. If you type "ls -l" in a directory,
you might get something like this:
drwx------ 3 ertle 512 Jul 16 13:38 LaTeX/
drwxr-xr-- 2 ertle 512 Jun 22 12:26 X/
drwxr-xr-x 3 ertle 512 Jul 13 16:29 Xroff/
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 373 Oct 3 1992 o.me
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 747 Nov 21 1992 profile
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ertle 244 Jul 16 23:44 zap*
The first part of the line tells you the file"s permissions. For
example, the "X" file permissions start with a "d" which tells that
it is a directory. The next three characters, "rwx" show that the
owner has read, write, and execute permissions on this file. The next
three characters, "r-x" shows that people in the same group have read
and execute permission on the file. Finally, the last three characters
"r-" show that everyone else only has read permission on that file
( To be able to enter a directory, you need read AND execute permission
)
- mail {login-name}
- Read or send mail messages. If no "login-name" is specified, "mail"
checks to see if you have any mail in your mail box. With a "login-name",
"mail" will let you type in a message to send to that person. For more
advanced mail processing, you might try "elm" or "pine" at the command
line, or "M-x mail" in emacs.
- mkdir dirname
- Makes a sub-directory named "dirname" in the current directory.
- man -k pattern
- Shows all manual entries which have "pattern" in their description.
- man {section}name
- Shows the full manual page entry for "name". Without a section number,
"man" may give you any or all man pages for that "name". For example,
"man write" will give you the manual pages for the write command, and
"man 2 write" will give you the system call for "write" ( usually from
the C or Pascal programming language ).
- more filename
- Displays the contents of a file with pagebreaks. Usefull to use "file"
first so you don"t display garbage.
- mv filename path
- Moves "filename" to "path". This might consist of a simple renaming
of the file, "mv file1 file2", moving the file to a new directory, "mv
file1 /tmp/", or both "mv file1 /tmp/file2".
- pine
- Full featured graphical mail reader/sender. "pine"
will read your mail, "pine username" will prepare a message to "username".
- ps {options}
- "ps" reports that status of some or all of the processes currently
running on the system. With no command line parameters, "ps" only shows
processes that belong to you and that are attached to a controlling
terminal.
- pwd
- Shows current working directory path.
- rm filename(s)
- Removes files. Careful with this one - it is irreversible. It is usually
aliased ( in a user"s .cshrc file ) to "rm -i" which insures that "rm"
asks you if you are sure that you want to remove the named file.
- rmdir dirname
- Removes the directory "dirname".
- setenv
- Sets environment variables. Most frequently used to tell X which display
you are on with "setenv DISPLAY displayname:0". Also used in .cshrc
file to set "EDITOR" and "PRINTER" environment variables. This tells
programs which editor you prefer, and which printer you want your output
to be printed on.
- spell {filename}
- Checks the spelling of the words in the standard input by default,
checks words in "filename" if a name is supplied on the command line.
If a word is misspelled it is printed to stdout ( usually the screen
).
- trn
- Threaded, full page network news reader. Quicker than vn.
- tin
- Threaded, full page network news reader. Easier to use than trn.
- vi {filename}
- Runs the screen oriented text editor named "vi". If a filename is
specified, you will be editing that file. Type "[ESC]:q!" to exit without
making any changes.
- vn
- Runs the screen oriented network news program. Old and slow - maybe
try "trn" or "tin".
- whereis {command}
- Reports the directory in which the {command} binary redides.
- which {command}
- Reports the directory from which the {command} would be run if it
was given as a command line argument.
- who
- Shows who is currently logged on the system. The "w" command does
the same thing, but gives slightly different info.
- write loginname
- Send a message to another user. Each line will be sent to the other
person as you hit the carriage-return. Press <CTRL>-D to end the
message. Write won't work if the other user has typed "mesg n".
- xbiff
- X mailbox flag. The xbiff program displays a little image of a mailbox.
When there is no mail, the flag on the mailbox is down. When mail arrives,
the flag goes up and the mailbox beeps. This program must be started
on one of the machines that you receive mail on. This will be one of
the Suns ( tyr, freyr etc ) for most people.
- xcalc
- X scientific calculator.
- xcalendar
- X calendar. Interactive calendar program with a notebook capability.
- xclock
- X clock.
- xgdb
- X interface to the gdb debugger.
- xman
- X interface to the online manual pages.
- yppasswd
- Interactively changes your password.
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