PATENT Cryogenic atomic force microscope. Andrew, P. Somlyo, Zhifeng Shao, Jianxun Mou and Jie Yang, US patent, No. 5,410,910, May 2, 1995. PUBLICATIONS Articles: Promises and problems of atomic force microscopy for biological research. Jie Yang, Lukas K. Tamm, Andrew P. Somlyo and Zhifeng Shao, Journal of microscopy, 171, 183-198 (1993). Resolution and limitations in biological applications of AFM. Jie Yang, Lukas K. Tamm and Zhifeng Shao, in Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. pp. 43-51. S.H. Cohen, M.T. Bray and M.L. Lightbody, eds. Plenum Press, New York (1994). Molecular resolution atomic force microscopy of soluble proteins in solution. Jie Yang, Jianxun Mou and Zhifeng Shao, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1199, 105-114 (1994). Structure and stability of pertussis toxin studied by in situ atomic force microscopy. Jie Yang, Jianxun Mou and Zhifeng Shao, FEBS Letters 338, 89-92 (1994). Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (C4H11NO3) induced ripple phase in supported unilamellar phospholipid bilayers. Jianxun Mou, Jie Yang and Zhifeng Shao, Biochemistry 33, 4439-4443 (1994). Alcohol induces interdigitated domains in unilamellar phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Jianxun Mou, Jie Yang, C. Huang and Zhifeng Shao, Biochemistry 33, 9981-9985 (1994). Recent advances in biological atomic force microscopy. Jie Yang and Zhifeng Shao, Micron 26, 35-49 (1995). Atomic force microscopy of cholera toxin b-oligomers bound to bilayers of biologically relevant lipids. Jianxun Mou, Jie Yang and Zhifeng Shao, J. Mol. Biol. 248, 507-512 (1995). Progress in high resolution atomic force microscopy in biology. Zhifeng Shao and Jie Yang, Quart. Rev. Biophys. 28, 195-251 (1995). Biological atomic force microscopy: from microns to nanometers and beyond. Zhifeng Shao, Jie Yang and Andrew P. Somlyo, Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 241-265 (1995). Cryo atomic force microscopy: a new approach for biological imaging at high resolution. Wenhai Han, Jianxun Mou, Jun Sheng, Jie Yang and Zhifeng Shao, Biochemistry 34, 8215-8220 (1995). Nanostructure of supported phospholipid monolayers and bilayers by scanning probe microscopy. Lukas K. Tamm, Christine Bšhm, Jie Yang, Zhifeng Shao, Leeseong Hwang, Michael Edidin and Eric Betzig, Thin Solid Films in press. Biological atomic force microscopy: what is achieved and what is needed. Zhifeng Shao, Jianxun Mou, Danial M. Czajkowsky, Jie Yang and Jian-Yang Yuan, Advances in Physics 45, 1-86 (1996). The effect of deformation on the lateral resolution of atomic force microscopy. Jie Yang, Jianxun Mou, Jian-Yang Yuan and Zhifeng Shao, J. Microscopy 182, 106-113 (1996). The close-packing and the pitch-variance of membrane-bound DNA in solution. Jie Yang, Lijiang Wang and R. Daniel Camerini-Otero, Nanobiology in press. Role of the bilayer-bilayer interaction on the ripple structure of supported bilayers in solution. Ye Fang and Jie Yang, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 15614-15619 (1996). Two-dimensional condensation of DNA molecules on cationic lipid membranes. Ye Fang and Jie Yang, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 441-449 (1997). The growth of bilayer defects and the induction of interdigitated domains in the lipid-loss process of supported phospholipid bilayers. Ye Fang and Jie Yang, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1324, 309-319 (1997). Effect of Cationic Strength and Species on 2-D Condensation of DNA. Ye Fang and Jie Yang, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 3453-3456 (1997). The heptameric prepore of a staphyloccocal a-hemolysin mutant in lipid bilayers imaged by atomic force microscopy. Ye Fang, Stephen Cheley, Hagan Bayley, and Jie Yang, Biochemistry 36, 9518-9522 (1997). Spontaneous oligomerization of a staphylococcal (-hemolysin conformationally constrained by removal of residues that form the transmembrane (-barrel. Stephen Cheley, M.S. Malghani, Langzhou Song, Michael Hobaugh, J. Eric Gouaux, Jie Yang, and Hagan Bayley, Protein Eng. 10, 1433-1443 (1997). Self-assembly of lamellar structures of fatty acids complexed with surfactant in aqueous solutions. Sean Hand and Jie Yang, Langmuir, 14, 3597-3601 (1998). Stable binding of DNA to zwitterionic lipid bilayers in aqueous solutions. M.S. Malghani and Jie Yang, J. Phys. Chem. 44, 8930-8933 (1998). Heptameric structures of two (-hemolysin mutants imaged with in situ atomic force miscopscopy. M.S. Malghani, Ye Fang, Stephen Cheley, Hagan Bayley, and Jie Yang, Miscoscopy Res. & Tech. 44, 353-356 (1999). The main phase transition of mica-supported phosphatidylcholine membranes. Jie Yang and Jennifer Appleyard, J. Phys. Chem. 104, 8097-8100 (2000). Morphology and Kinematics of Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers. Matthew R. Mazloff and Jie Yang, Langmuir, 17, 2727-2732 (2001).