Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development

Harry W. Gardiner & Corinne Kosmitzki

Pearson Education Inc. 2005

Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development

Contents
Foreword	ix
Preface	xiii
About the Authors	xix
Chapter One: Introduction	1
What is Cross-Cultural Human Development?	3
Cross-Cultural Human Development and the Other Social Sciences	5
Some Important Themes	6
A Cross-Cultural Perspective	6
Goals for the Field	7
An Ecological Model	9
The Development of Niche	11
The Developmental Orientation	12
A Chronological Within Topics Approach	12
Practical Application	13
Overview of the Book	14
Some Cross-Cultural Teasers	14
Summary	15
Further Readings	16
Chapter Two: Theories and Methodology	17
Theories and Development	18
What Is a Theory?	19
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model	19
Super and Harkness’s Developmental Niche	24
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development	28
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Development	33
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory	35
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development	36
Methodology in Cross-Cultural Human Development	38
Studying Development Cross Culturally: Some Methods, Problems and Solutions	39
Developmental Niche	45
Studying Ecological Systems	47
Summary	49
Further Reading	49
Chapter Three: Culture and Socialization	51
What is Socialization?	52
Ecological Model and the Developmental Niche	54
Some Cultural Variations in the Socialization of Behavior	56
Infancy	57
Childhood	63
Adolescence	68
Adulthood	72
Summary	76
Further Readings	77
Chapter Four: Cultural Aspects of Physical Growth and Development	79
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Physical Development	80
The Prenatal Period	81
Infancy and Early Childhood	84
Middle Childhood	91
Adolescence	93
Early and Middle Adulthood	95
Later Adulthood	97
Summary	99
Further Readings	100
Chapter Five: Culture, Language, and Cognition	101
The Language—Cognition—Culture Link	102
Infancy	105
Early Cognition Development in Cultural Contexts	105
Language Acquisition	106
Early Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism	108
Childhood	110
Stages of Knowing and Learning	111
Language Skills and Language Socialization	113
Adolescence and Early Adulthood	116
Formal Operational Thinking	116
Analytic Thinking and Problem-Solving	118
Middle and Later Adulthood	118
Intelligence	119
Communicating in Later Life	121
Summary	122
Further Readings	124
Chapter Six: Culture, Self, and Personality	125
Infancy and Temperament	126
Temperament, Ecological Systems, and the Developmental Niche	127
Temperament and “Goodness of Fit”	128
Childhood and the Emergence of the Self-Concept	131
Cultural Views of the Individual	131
Individualism and Collectivism in a Balinese Village	131
Personhood in China, Japan, and the United States	132
Cultural Views of the Self as a Person	133
Culture-Specific Aspects of Self	133
Content and Context of the Self-Concept	137
Self-Esteem	142
Adolescence:Threshold to the Adult World	144
Identity Formation	144
Social Identity Formation	146
Adulthood and Aging: A Time of Stability and Change	148
Social Clocks	151
Summary	153
Further Reading	154
Chapter Seven: Culture and Issues of Sex and Gender	155
Difference Between the Genders	157
Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Differences	159
Biological Perspectives	159
Evolutionary Perspectives	160
Socialization and Learning Perspectives	161
Infancy and Childhood	163
Gender Socialization	163
Cultural Influences Female and Male Socialization	166
Gender Relationships in Childhood	168
Adolescence	174
Markers of Sexual Maturation	174
Sexual Activity and Cultural Taboos	175
Early and Middle Adulthood	176
Status and the Division of Labor Within the Family	176
Division of Labor in the Workforce	177
Gender Relations in Social Status, Religion and Public Policy	179
Later Adulthood and Old Age	181
Divorce and Widowhood	181
Gender Roles and Status in Old Age	182
Summary	183
Further Readings	183
Chapter Eight: Culture and Social Behavior	185
Infancy	186
Child-Caretaker Relationships and Attachment Patterns	186
Consistency and Inconsistency of Attachment Over Time	194
Childhood	195
Peer Culture and Social Relationships	195
Moral Development and Prosocial Orientation	198
Cultural Influences on Caring and Justice Orientation	199
Aggression	203
Adolescence	207
Family and Peer Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior	207
Cultural Influences on Adolescent Social Behavior	209
Adulthood and Aging	211
Developmental Tasks in Middle and Later Adulthood	211
Work and Leisure in Middle Adulthood	211
Sport as a Social Phenomenon	213
Social Support and Well-Being in Later Adulthood	215
Summary	216
Further Readings	217
Chapter Nine: The Family in Cultural Context	219
Cultural Variations in the Family Life Cycle	220
Mate Selection	220
Marriage and Other Long-Term Relationships	223
The Birth Process Across Cultures	227
The Ecology of Birth	228
The Transition to Parenthood	231
Parenting Infants and Children	232
Parental Belief Systems	233
Mothering	236
Fathering	238
Parenting Adolescents	240
The Ecological Model and Adolescence	241
Cross-Cultural Difference in Adolescent Peer Relationships	242
Adulthood and Aging	244
Grandparenthood	245
Caring for the Elderly	250
The Changing Context of Families	254
Summary	255
Further Readings	256
Chapter Ten: Culture and Health	257
Cultural Concepts of Health and Healing	258
Culture-Bound Syndromes	259
Medical Diagnosis Across Cultures	262
Infancy and Childhood	265
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	265
Childhood Mental Health	267
Parental Beliefs About Caring for Infants and Children	267
Adolescence	268
Eating Disorders	271
Culture and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	275
Culture and Adolescent Drug Use	275
Early and middle Adulthood	277
Mental Health Issues	277
Later Adulthood	281
Disease and Premature Aging	281
Cultural Views on Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease	282
Summary	284
Further Readings	285
Chapter Eleven: Looking to the Future	287
Looking Back: A review of Major Themes and Theories	288
Ecological Model	288
Developmental Niche	290
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory	291
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory	292
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development	293
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development	295
Interpreting Theory in and out of Cultural Context	297
Where Do We GO From Here? Thoughts and Challenges for the Future	298
Summary	310
Further Readings	310
References	311
Author Index	343
Subject Index	351