Kansas
Number of victims
In
total, 3032 individuals were sterilized in Kansas, 58% of which were
male. In terms of
the total number of
sterilizations, Kansas ranks 6th in the United
States. Many more
people with mentally illnesses (2,063) than people who were considered
“mentally deficient” (856) were sterilized.
Period during which sterilizations occurred
Sterilizations
legally began in 1913 and ended in 1961 (Paul, p. 627). There were a
few cases of sterilization before it was legalized, however. The
superintedent of the Kansas
State
Home for the Feebleminded at Winfield, Dr. F. Hoyt Pilcher, performed
58
castrations, and even as many as 150 sterilizations in total. This
process
began in 1894 and ended several years later when Pilcher was removed
from his
administrative position (Paul, p. 617; Wehmeyer, p. 58).
Temporal pattern of sterilizations and rate of sterilization
Passage of law(s)
In
1913, the Kansas legislature passed the first sterilization law in the
state. Many felt
that the law was
problematic, and thus its enforcement was less than stellar (Paul, p.
618). In an attempt
to make the process
of the law easier, a second law was passed in 1917 which eliminated
some of the
work for the institutions (Paul, p. 619).
Groups identified in the law
The
1913 legislation was directed at “habitual criminals, idiots, epileptics,
imbeciles, and
insane” (Paul, p. 618). The
1917 law
targeted the same groups, but eliminated the courts’ approval from the
decision
(Paul, p. 619).
Process of the law
The first law required institutions to examine all who
were
identified as belonging to the aforementioned categories (Paul, p. 618). These authorities then
made recommendations
to the district or state courts, which made the final decisions
regarding
sterilization (Landman, p. 68). This
law
contained no provisions for the court processes such as hearings or
appeals
(Paul, p. 618). The
1917 law did away
with the role of the courts, instead creating a board of examiners
composed of
the authorities from the institutions as well as the secretary of the
State
Board of Health (Paul, p. 619). Under
this law, the inmate was given advance notice of his hearing, at which
he was
allowed to provide a case for defense.
After studying the case and hearing the arguments, the
board had the
final authority in the question of sterilization (Landman, p. 69).
Precipitating factors and processes
In
spite of carrying out sterilizations in the absence of a state law,
Hoyt
Pilcher was re-appointed as the superintendant of the Kansas State Home
for the
Feeble-Minded in Winfield in 1897, in part due to Kansans’ widespread
fears of
a “flood” of degenerates that would engulf the state (Paul, p. 618). However, up until 1925, a
conservative
portion of the population held onto fears related to Pilcher’s
sterilizations
and the political outcry they caused.
After the infamous Buck v. Bell case in 1927, public
approval of
sterilization increased greatly, causing an enormous rise in the rate
of
sterilizations in Kansas (Paul, p. 619).
Another important factor that contributed to the popular acceptance of sterilization legislation was the existence of the “Fitter Families” contest that started at the Kansas State Fair, but quickly spread to other states. Pictured above, these competitions encouraged families to “breed” superior children that would fit the rigid judging standards. The Fair was heavy with propaganda, and helped to normalize the idea of genetic superiority and inferiority (Lovett, p. 5). The idea of “eugenic marriages” began to take hold with the popularity of the Fitter Families contest. These marriages, designed to breed the most desirable offspring, began with a marriage in Iola, Kansas (Michael, p. 20).
In 1903, Kansas also passed a miarriage restriction law, which did not
apply to those women over the age of 45, under the pretense that it was
no longer likely that those women would bare children. Breaking the law
and marrying someone who was deemed unfit (alcoholic, feeble minded,
etc.) resulted in up to a $1,000 fine or three years in prison
(Woodward, p. 71).
Groups targeted and victimized
In
addition to those with intellectual disabilities and the mentally ill,
habitual
criminals were also a targeted group (Paul, p. 618).
Other Restrictions Placed on Those Identified in the Law or With Disabilities in General
In
addition to laws regarding sterilization, several marriage restriction
bills
were proposed in Kansas as part of the eugenics movement. Although they were never
enacted as state
law, marriage bills were proposed in 1915, 1917, and 1927,
demonstrating the
popularity of eugenic ideals (Michael, p. 20).
Major proponents
Florence
Sherbon, a physician who specialized in the reduction of infant
mortality, was
a major proponent of the “Fitter Families” contest at the Kansas State
Fair.
Sherbon used these fairs to popularize eugenic theory, hoping to
engrain the
idea that those with more desirable traits were morally and physically
superior
to those who, for example, were not as intelligent or good-looking. Sherbon favored long,
involved examinations
in the evaluations of the family members, whereas some of his
colleagues
encouraged shorter, more intensive testing.
Eventually Sherbon developed a widely accepted system for
the
examinations: a short exam for the fairs, a longer one for the Fitter
Families
Examination Center, and an even more involved exam for those families
wishing
to submit their information for Eugenic record-keeping (Lovett, pp.
9-17).
“Feeder institutions” and institutions where sterilization were performed
(Photo
origin, Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history; available at
http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/f/feeble-minded_state_home.html)
Perhaps the most famous site of sterilizations in Kansas is the
Winfield State Hospital. The Winfield State Hospital opened
initially in 1881 on the University of Kansas campus but soon relocated
to the town of Winfield in 1887, receiving the name change "The Kansas
State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youth" and had thirty-one
students (Seaton, p. 252). The new location, further away from the more
public University of Kansas central campus, allowed for the Asylum to
become more self sufficient, using the young students as an indentured
work force, raising vegetables, meat, grain, having its own water, and
even putting out its own fires instead of relying on the public fire
departments (Seaton, p. 252).
On July 1, 1893, Dr. F. Hoyt Pilcher was named the superintedent of the
Asylum, after an increase in the number of students. This is the point
at which the eugenics movement began to have a greater influence on the
Winfield Institute with the Progressive movement. In
this state home
Pilcher “de-sexed”
his patients (Paul, p. 617), no longer focusing on simply keeping the
"feeble-minded" in the institution, but sterilizing them so that, in
the event that they left the institution, they would not enter society
sexually. The number of students at the Institute began to grow at an
exponential rate. "In 1900 it was 173, and in 1910 it was 419. By 1916
it was 589" (Seaton, p. 253).
In 1909 the name changed to the State
Home for the Feeble-Minded, after many of the epileptics in the
institution had been sent to the newly founded Parsons Institute which
attempted to use newly discovered medical treatments for
epilepsy.
It is important to note that the original emphasis of the Winfield Institute was education, training those at the Institute to live in society. By the 1920s, however, the emphasis was placed on agricultural productivity as both the male and female clients were put to work throughout the institution, so that it could become its own system. no longer training the students to live in society, but training them to live in their own self-created world. By 1933 it was called a “custodial institution for the helpless” and the emphasis was on discipline, cost-cutting, and farm productivity, which included a name change again in 1930 to the State Training School. . At this time, further sterilizations occurred (Seaton, p. 254). The population at Winfield peaked during WWII when it reached 1,245 clients in 1942 (Seaton, p. 254).
After
WWII, Kansas hospitals for the disabled were assessed and several
problems were found at Winfield. Although there were not recorded
accounts of physical abuse, handcuffs, leg irons, and whips were found
in the hospital and in February 1987, 14 employees were fired and 13
were suspended after claims of client abuse in the men’s wards (Seaton,
p. 257). In 1991, after a long history of turmoil at Winfield,
the governmental process of closing the hospital’s doors began.
It was part of a movement fostered by the idea that the developmentally
disabled had civil rights that should be protected. Finally, in
March 1998, after much debate, Winfield closed its doors, and it is now
a correctional facility
(Seaton, p. 261; Kansas Department of Corrections). The
hospital’s closing seems long coming, as throughout Winfield’s 116-year
existence, it continuously suffered from “an uncertain mission, a
troubled relationship with the state and the community, and
overcrowding due to almost nonexistent admission policies” (Seaton, p.
263). Today, three community-based programs serve more than 250
clients in Cowley County, and more than 100 of them came from Winfield
(Seaton, p. 261).
(Photo origin: Rootsweb.ancestry.com; available at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/topeka_ks/index.html)
Topeka State Hospital: At least early on, most of the sterilizations took place in the State Hospital in Topeka (Laughlin, p. 70). This hospital opened in 1879 after the Ossawatomie State Hospital, once thought to be sufficient, became overcrowded with mentally ill inmates. The hospital closed in 1997, but the building still exists and is currently not in use.
The Beloit Industrial School for Girls was a place where female misfits were to be educated for their re-entry into society. It received significant negative press in Kansas, especially in the 1930s, when reports of sterilizations of a large portion of its inmates emerged for which the process of the law appeared to have been circumvented. The reason for such action was simple: female delinquency, for which the inmates were punished in this fashion (Michael, pp. 21-27). It is currently used as a juvenile correctional facility (Kansas Juvenile Justice Authority).
Opposition
Much of the opposition to the sterilization legislation in Kansas came in the form of conservatives who felt that involvement in the procedures was much too complicated and could lead to legal implications. However, after Buck v. Bell, much of this opposition ceased (Paul, p. 619). It is also notable that in Kansas, not all Progressives were in support of sterilization legislation. Famed Pulitzer-Prize winning journalist and author William Allan White led a sizeable oppositional group of Progressives against the eugenics movement (Michael, p. 9).
Bibliography
Kansas Department of Corrections. "Winfield Correctional Facility." Available at <http://www.dc.state.ks.us/facilities/wcf>.
Kansas Juvenile Justice Authority. 2008. "Benoit Juvenile Correctional Facility." Available at < http://www.kansas.gov/jja/Facilities/Beloit_Facility/>
Landman,
J. H. 1932. Human Sterilization: The History
of the Sexual Sterilization Movement.
New York: MacMillan.
Laughlin,
Harry H. 1922. Eugenical Sterilization in
the United States. Chicago: Municipal Court of Chicago.
Lovett,
Laura L. "'Fitter Families for Future
Firesides': Popular Eugenics and the Construction of a Rural Family
Ideal in
the United States." Unpublished paper. Dept. of History, University of Massachusetts.
Available at
<http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/papers/PopularEugenics.pdf>
Martin,
Roger. 2004. "The History of Eugenics
in Kansas." Topeka Capital-Journal (Jan. 23). Available at
<http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20040123/ai_n11808086>.
Michael,
Philip. 2004. "Kansas
Eugenics." Undergraduate Senior Thesis, Department of History, McPherson College.
Paul, Julius. 1965. “‘Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough’: State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice.” Unpublished manuscript. Washington, D.C.: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
Seaton, Frederick D. 2004-2005. "The Long Road Toward 'The Right Thing to Do': The Troubled History of Winfield State Hospital." Kansas History 27: 250-63.
Kansas State Board of Administration. 1928. Procedure to Be Followed in Sterilization Cases. Topeka, Kansas: Board of Administration.
Wehmeyer,
Michael L. 2003. "Eugenics and
Sterilization in the Heartland." Mental
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Woodward, Masten. 2002. “Kansas' Eugenics Movement.” Master's Thesis, Department of History, Kansas State University.