1. Sub tegmine cuius arboris recubat Tityrus?
2. Quem Tityrus meditatur?
3. Qualia arva Meliboeus linquit?
4. Quid Meliboeus fugit?
5. In quo loco Tityrus silvas resonare docet?
   
6. Quem resonare formosam Amaryllida Tityrus docet?
7. Quis haec otia Tityro fecit?
8. Quid aram imbuet?
9. Quo agnus habitat?
10. Quid Tityrus agresti calamo ludit?
11. In linea 9, quis est 'ille'?
    
12. Quae animalia ille deus Tityrum errare permisit?
13. Quis pastor miser est?
14. Quis pastor felix est?

1. patulae modifies: a. tegmine; b. avena; c. Tityre; d. none of those.
2. fagi depends on: a. tegmine; b. avena; c. Tityre; d. none of those.
   
3. tenui modifies: a. avena; b. Musam; c. meditaris; d. fagi.
4. avena depends on: a. tenui; b. Musam; c. meditaris; d. silvestrem
   
5. lentus modifies: a. Tityrus; b. doces; c. umbra; d. none of those.
6. semper modifies: a. ille; b. deus; c. aram; d. erit.
7. errare depends on : a. boves; b. ut cernis; c. vellem; d. permisit.

Morphology and syntax: In these 10 lines, find:

1. a predicate nominative
2. a participle
3. 3 complementary infinitives
4. a subjunctive
5. 2 possessive genitives
6. 2 adverbs
   
7. 9 direct objects

1. While Tityrus lies under a tree, I am pondering the muse on an oaten flute. (use a participle for "lies" and avena for 'oaten flute').
2. Tityrus wets the god's altar with a lamb.

Answer in English:

1. What is Tityrus thinking when he replies to Meliboeus by talking about a 'deus'?
   
2. Describe the mood and character of the setting.

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [5] resonare doces amaryllida s. id est carmen tuum de amica Amaryllide compositum doces silvas sonare. et melius est, ut simpliciter intellegamus: male enim quidam allegoriam volunt, tu carmen de urbe Roma componis celebrandum omnibus gentibus. plus enim stupet Meliboeus, si ille ita securus est, ut tantum de suis amoribus cantet.

1. miror
   
2. turbatur (trick question: enter 'impersonal')
3. ago
4. reliquit
5. fuisset
6. memini
7. praedicere
8. sit
9. da
   

1. Quo turbatur?
2. Quis aeger est ?
3. Quomodo Meliboeus matrem gemellorum ducit?
   
4. Quid capella reliquit?
5. Quid est spes gregis?
6. Quid praedicunt quercus?

In these lines, find:

1. An impersonal verb.
2. An imperative
   
3. A subjunctive
4. 3 adverbs in line 11
5. 4 direct objects
6. 3 objects of prepositions
7.  an adjective used as a noun
   
8. 6 other adjectives

Write the following in Latin (use only words found in the poem):

1. Oaks, touched from the sky, kept predicting this evil thing.
2. Tityrus will tell Meliboeus who the god is.

Answer the following in English:

1. If you were acting out this poem in the role of Meliboeus, describe the emotions and thoughts running through Meliboeus' head here.
2. Is this poem depicting a positive view of the world? A negative view? Something else? Take a strong stand and give your reasons.

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [12] usque adeo turbatur agris: turbamur sine ulla discretione culpae vel meriti. et invidiose tempora Augusti carpit la- tenter. sane vera lectio est 'turbatur', ut sit inpersonale, quod ad omnes pertinet generaliter: nam Mantuanorum fuerat communis expulsio. si enim 'turbamur' legeris, videtur ad paucos referri.
  

1. ego
2. Romam
3. pastores
4. haec
5. cupressi
   

1. Tityrus Romam suae urbi dissimilem esse putavit?
2. Meliboeus 'stultus ego' in hac poema est.
3. Pastores in urbem aliquem teneros ovium fetus depellere solebant.
4. Tityrus matribus suis haedos similes esse putat.
5. Tityri urbs magna est.
6. Cupressi capites inter viburna efferunt.
   

1. Cupressi an (or) viburna lenta sunt?
   
2. Quem urbem Meliboeus suae urbi similem esse putavit?
3. Catuli similes quo sunt? (answer in the appropriate case)
   

Is the first foot of each line a spondee or a dactyl (answer with 'spondee' or 'dactyl'):

1. 19
2. 20
3. 21
4. 22
5. 23
6. 24
7. 25

In these lines, find:

1. 2 complementary infinitives.
2. 2 adverbs other than sic and verum.
3. a pair of correlated adverbs.
4. 4 different datives dependent on an adjective.
5. An imperfect verb.
6. 2 perfect verbs.
7. An example of indirect speech.
   

Write the following in Latin (use only words found in the poem):

1. We think that puppies are not like dogs.
2. Rome raises its head as much among the other cities as cypresses do among viburnums.

Answer the following in English:

1. What cities are mentioned in this poem, and what do those cities stand for in this poem?
   
2. Identify a few 'figures of speech' in the poem up to this point and say what effect they have/why a poet might have deployed them. If you want a list of figures of speech that might apply, read the entry 'figures of speech' on Wikipedia.

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [19] urbem quam dicunt romam quaeritur, cur de Caesare in- terrogatus, Romam describat. et aut simplicitate utitur rustica, ut ordinem narrationis plenum non teneat, sed per longas ambages ad interrogata descendat: aut certe quia nullus, qui continetur, est sine ea re, quae continet, nec potest ulla persona esse sine loco: unde necesse habuit interrogatus de Caesare locum describere, in quo eum viderat. est autem longum hyperbaton 'urbem quam di- cunt Romam. hic illum vidi Meliboee.'

1. Quid a tondenti cadebatur?
2. Quis post Amaryllida reliquit Tityrum?
3. Quid ad Tityrum inertem longo post tempore venit?
4. Dum Galatea eum tenebat, spes cuius a Tityro aberat?
5. Cui Tityrus pinguem caseum pressit?

1. tanta a. modifies causa b. is predicate nominative c. is ablative singular d. none of the previous
   
2. Romam is: a. acc. of place to which b. acc. object of fuit c. acc. object of videndi d. none of the previous
   
3. Videndi is: a. an infinitive b. a gerundive c. a participle d. a gerund
4. tempore is: a. object of post b. abl. of time when c. dat. of time d. none of the previous
5. libertatis is: a. objective genitive b. genitive absolute c. predicate genitive d. genitive of material
6. quamvis is a: a. causal b. temporal c. concessive d. coordinating ... conjunction
7. exiret is: a. present subjunctive b. imperfect subjunctive c. perfect subjunctive d. pluperfect subjunctive
8. premeretur is in: a. primary sequence b. secondary sequence c. violation of the sequence of tenses d. none of the previous
9. dextra is an example of: a. simile b. anaphora c. synecdoche d. polyptoton
10. aere is: a. abl. of time b. abl. absolute c. ablative of cause d. not ablative
    

1. fuit
2. respexit
3. cadebat
4. venit
5. habet
6. reliquit
7. fatebor
8. tenebat
9. erat
10. exiret
11. premeretur
12. redibat

Identify the direct objects of the same verbs, where applicable, with one Latin word (leave it in the accusative):

1. fuit
2. respexit
3. cadebat
4. venit
5. habet
6. reliquit
7. fatebor
8. tenebat
9. erat
10. exiret
11. premeretur
12. redibat

Write the following sentences in Latin using only words from the poem:

1. Freedom was the reason for Tityrus' seeing Rome.
2. Although he brought many tender lambs and rich cheeses to Rome, he never returned home heavy with money.
•  'money = aes = copper/bronze
• fetch the tender lambs from the first section of the poem
  

1. (line) 26
2. 27
3. 28
4. 29
5. 30 (Galatēa)
   
6. 31
7. 32 (cūra)
   
8. 33
   
9. 34 (is the -a- in caseus long or short? Look it up in Lewis and Short to verify what you think)
10. 35

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [27] libertas amor libertatis. et aliter dicit servus, liberta- tem cupio, aliter ingenuus: ille enim carere vult servitute, hic ha- bere liberam vitam, pro suo scilicet arbitrio agere: sicut nunc Ver- gilius sub persona Tityri dicit se amore libertatis Romam venire compulsum, et item latenter carpit tempora, quibus libertas non nisi in urbe Roma erat. aut certe simpliciter intellegamus hoc loco Tityrum sicut pastorem locutum: nam ubique eum Theocritus mercennarium inducit, item Vergilius, ut "Tityre dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas". quae sera tamen respexit inertem desidem, se non requirentem. nam culpat suam inertiam, quod non ante Romam ierit et sit usus puer libertate, qua uti coepit provectioris aetatis.
  

1. mirabar
2. vocares
3. patereris
4. aberat
5. vocabant
6. facerem
7. licebat
8. vidi
9. fumant
10. dedit
11. pascite
12. summittite
    

1. vocares is a. an imperfect subjunctive b. a perfect subjunctive c. a pluperfect subjunctive d. a present subjunctive
2. patereris is a. an imperfect subjunctive b. a perfect subjunctive c. a pluperfect subjunctive d. a present subjunctive
3. quid introduces a. a regular relative clause b. an indefinite relative clause c. an indirect question d. a direct question
4. sua means a. the apple's b. the tree's c. Amaryllis' d. Meliboeus'
5. hinc is a. an adverb b. a conjunction c. an accusative d. none of the previous
6. aberat is a. present b. perfect c. pluperfect d. imperfect
7. ipsae modifies a. te b. Tityre, c. pinus d. none of the previous
8. ipsi modifies a. te b. fontes c. pinus d. arbusta
9. ipsa modifies a. haec b. arbusta c. vocabant d. an unexpressed subject
10. servitio is a. dative with licebat b. dative with me c. ablative with licebat d. ablative with exire.

Find and give:

1. an active subjunctive in an indirect question
2. a deponent subjunctive in an indirect question
3. an impersonal verb
   
4. a deliberative subjunctive
5. an ablative of separation
6. an accusative of duration of time
7. a dative participle
   
8. a 'preposition' without an object, used as an adverb 
9. an indirect object
10. a plural vocative
    

Is the second foot of each line a dactyl or a spondee:

1. 36
2. 37
3. 38
4. 39
5. 40
6. 41
7. 42
8. 43
9. 44
10. 45

Write the following in Latin using words from the poem so far:

1. Tityrus and Meliboeus have cows, sheep, puppies, and goats, but are they their own?
2. It is permitted to them to make their own cheese and bring it to town.
   

1. What role do the trees and plants play in this poem?
2. Describe the character traits Meliboeus would exhibit in a dramatic production of this poem.

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [38] tityrus Vergilius. pinus Roma. [39] fontes senatores. arbusta fructeta, id est scolastici. [42] ivuenem Caesarem dicit Octavianum Augustum: decreverat enim senatus, nequis eum puerum diceret, ne maiestas tanti im- perii minueretur.

1. rura
2. lapis
3. palus
4. pabula
5. contagia
6. saepes
7. frondator
8. turtur
9. palumbes (trickier)

Find:

1. a complementary infinitive
   
2. a vocative
3. a compound subject (i.e. a subject with two parts, x and y)
   
4. an ablative of agent
5. an accusative plural ending in -is
6. an ablative of means
7. another accusative plural ending in -is
   

Is the second foot of each line a dactyl or a spondee?

1. 45
2. 46
3. 47
4. 48
5. 49
6. 50
7. 51
8. 52
9. 53

Answer the following in English:

1. There are many antitheses (opposing things juxtaposed) here: identify some and discuss how they contribute to the effect/meaning of the poem.
   
2. If you were to transfer/translate the idea of this poem into a modern setting, what would it be? Say more.

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [54] hyblaeis Hybla, quae postea Megara, oppidum Siciliae: vel locus in Attica, ubi optimum mel nascitur. depasta florem depastum florem habens. salicti virgulti genus, eo quod salit et surgit cito. hic vocat rusticum ad dulcia, quae sunt in rebus, quibus delectatur.

1. a 3rd person plural future
2. a 3rd person singular future
3. a 1st person plural future
4. another 1st person plural future
5. a 1st person singular future
6. a 3rd person singular present subjunctive
7. an ablative absolute
   

Is the third foot of each line a dactyl or a spondee:

1. 59
   
2. 60
3. 61
4. 62
5. 63
6. 64
7. 65
8. 66
9. 67
10. 68
11. 69

Answer the following in English:

1. Based on this poem, what do you think the economic interactions of these people consist of? How do you think they get food, shelter, clothing?
2. Given who Virgil is, what experience do you think he has of the lives of actual shepherds and farmers, etc.?

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [69] post aliqvot aristas post multa tempora. et quasi ru- sticus per aristas numerat annos: nam physica rusticanorum est in paleis et in messibus. mea regna id est ubi dominatus sum: vel senem se dicit agros suos recepturum.

Is the 3rd foot of each line a dactyl or a spondee:

1. 70
2. 71
3. 72
4. 73
5. 74
6. 75
7. 76
8. 77
9. 78
10. 79
11. 80
12. 81
13. 82
14. 83
    

1. What societal issues poke their head into this poem? Does the poem take any stances on them?
   
2. Given that Virgil and Augustus and Maecenas and Horace, etc. were not shepherds and hadn't really lived the life of a fieldhand at all, but these were acclaimed as excellent practically from the moment of publication, what do you imagine this poem could be about, for them, or any Roman reader of the time, really?

Ancient Comment (from Maurus Servius Honoratus' Commentary on the Poems of Virgil.

• [70] impius miles iratus Meliboeus impios milites dicit, seu quod agrum suum teneant, seu quod civile gesserint bellum. impius miles qui pro Antonio arma portavit. impius m. quia bella civilia gessit et desiderat. impius. m. hic Vergilius Octavianum Augustum laesit; tamen secutus est veritatem: nam miles portando arma et vincendo alios pietatem praetermittit. novalia id est nova rura, quae per singulos annos novantur per semina. habebit †in spe ponitur.