subjunctives and conditionals

	leading verb	subordinate clause verb
Primary sequence	refers to the present or future time: usually present and future tenses, some perfect tenses:	'present' subjunctive for things that are at the same time as the leading verb 'perfect' subjunctive for things that are before the leading verb
Secondary sequence	refers to the past: imperfects, some perfects, pluperfects	'imperfect' subjunctive for things that are at the same time as the leading verb 'pluperfect' subjunctive for things that are before the leading verb

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVES:

jussive

let's go: also called hortatory
may he go: called jussive usually
negated with ne

potential

this 'could' happen or 'might' happen
negated with non

optative

utinam + subjunctive
"would that this happen" clauses
negated with ne

DEPENDENT CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVES:

'semi-independent' subjunctives

these are subjunctives that are subordinate but are not introduced by a subordinating conjunction (such as ut).
example: volo hoc facias which means "I want you to do this"

'nominal' clauses:

ut clauses that act like nouns: for example, 'evenit iam ut morerentur': the ut clause is most plausibly the subject of evenit and can't be well explained by any of the categories below.

indirect commands

rogo te ut hoc facias

indirect questions

rogo te utrum hoc facias

purpose clauses

ut or ne
hoc tibi dico ne hoc facias
hoc tibi dico ut hoc facias

result clauses, also called consecutive clauses

ut or ut non
hoc tibi dico ut hoc non facias
hoc tibi dico ut hoc facias

fear clauses

ne means lest
ut means 'that ... (will) not ...'
vereor ne hoc facias
vereor ut hoc facias

most concessive clauses (starting with 'although' or the like

when cum means 'although'

cum hoc facias, illud facio

when ut means 'although'

ut hoc facias, illud facio

quamvis, licet, etiamsi, etiamsi usually take subjunctive

quamquam does not usually do so

relative clauses of characteristic
some causal clauses are subjunctive

when cum means 'since/because' it usually takes subjunctive

purported or reported reasons are subjunctive

this is where the author is not vouching for the reason, but is reporting someone else's idea

after priusquam and antequam, subjunctives are sometimes used

it depends on whether the thing actually happened or not

after quin, subjunctives sometimes occur

rare word, but it happens.

subordinate clauses in indirect speech are often subjunctive
sometimes clauses are subjunctive simply because they are near other subjunctives

CONDITIONALS: there are lots of exceptions, but most conditionals fit into this scheme

	protasis: the if clause	apodosis: the then clause
future more vivid	Si hoc feceris If you will have done this	Illud facient they will do that
future less vivid	Si hoc facias If you should do this	illud faciant they would do that
present unreal/contrary-to-fact	si hoc faceres if you were doing this (but you're not)	illud facerent they would do that (but they're not)
past unreal/contrary to fact	si hoc fecisses if you had done that (but you didn't)	illud fecissent they would have done that (but they didn't)
present general	si hoc facias if ever you do this	illud faciunt they do that
	si hoc faceres if ever you did this	illud faciebant they did that