Fortson Chapter 3: Phonology

• Consonant Inventory of English

• STOP INVENTORY OF PIE and their reflexes in some IE languages: note well that in many cases, the reflexes have changed and no longer fit the description: English /f/ for example, is not simply a voiceless labial stop: it's a voiceless labial affricate.

• This is the information we need to do Fortson exercise 1 on P. 73
  

• 	labial (upper or lower lip, or both, required)		dental (contact of tongue with teeth required)		palatal (tongue and hard roof of the mouth, the palate, required)		velar (back part of tongue and soft part of roof of the mouth mouth required)		labiovelar (rounded lips AND back part of the tongue and soft part of roof of the mouth required)
  voiceless (vocal cords do not vibrate to produce this sound)	*p	Armenian: h Avestan: p English: f Greek: p Latin: p Lithuanian: p Sanskrit: p Welsh: --	*t	Armenian: tc Avestan: t English: th Greek: t Latin: t Lithuanian: t Sanskrit: t Welsh: t	*ḱ as in Tokyo (further forward in mouth than regular /k/)	Armenian: s Avestan: s English: h Greek: k Latin: k (often spelled c) Lithuanian: š Sanskrit: ś Welsh: c	*k	Armenian: kc Avestan: k English: h Greek: k Latin: k (spelled mostly with c) Lithuanian: k Sanskrit: k Welsh: c	*kw	Armenian: kc Avestan: k English:  wh Greek: p Latin: qu Lithuanian: k Sanskrit: k Welsh: p
  voiced (vocal cords vibrate to produce this sound)	*b	Armenian: p Avestan: b English: p Greek: b Latin: b Lithuanian: b Sanskrit: b Welsh: b	*d	Armenian: t Avestan: d English: t Greek: d Latin: d Lithuanian: d Sanskrit: d Welsh:d	*ǵ as in argue (further forward in mouth than regular /g/)	Armenian: c Avestan: z English: k (often spelled c) Greek: g Latin: g Lithuanian: ž Sanskrit: j Welsh:g	*g	Armenian: k Avestan: g English: k (often spelled with c) Greek: g Latin: g Lithuanian: g Sanskrit: g Welsh:g	*gw	Armenian: k Avestan: g English: qu Greek: b Latin: u/v (but pronounced /w/) Lithuanian: g Sanskrit: g Welsh: b
  voiced aspirated (vocal cords vibrate and a push of air out is required to produce this sound)	*bh	Armenian: b Avestan: b English: b Greek: ph Latin: f Lithuanian: b Sanskrit: bh Welsh:b	*dh	Armenian: d Avestan: d English: d Greek: th Latin: f Lithuanian: d Sanskrit: dh Welsh: d	*ǵh	Armenian: j Avestan: z English: g Greek: kh Latin: h Lithuanian: ž Sanskrit: h Welsh:g	*gh	Armenian: g Avestan: g English: g Greek: kh Latin: h Lithuanian: g Sanskrit: gh Welsh: g	*gwh	Armenian: g Avestan: g English: b Greek: ph Latin: f Lithuanian: g Sanskrit: gh Welsh:g
  					In centum languages, the palatals and velars merged into k, g, and gh
  							In	satem languages, the	velars	and labiovelars merged into k, g, and gh

• "Centum" v. "satem" languages
• The palatals, velars, and labiovelars of PIE changed in the daughter languages in two broad patterns:
• In Greek, Italic, Celtic, and Germanic, the palatals and velars merged into velars k, g, and gh: these are called "centum" after the Latin word for "100"
• In Indo-Iranian, Armenian, and Balto-Slavic, the labiovelars merged with the velars to form velars k, g, and gh: these are called "satem" after the Avestan word for "100."
• This used to be thought to be a basic divide in IE languages, but scholars now believe that the two mergers did not happen all at once in such a way that there are two branches of IE, but rather the mergers happened on several different occasions so that whether a language is centum or satem does not indicate whether it is or is not related to other centum or satem languages.