Vedic Text Sample: Rig Veda 10.90, verses 11-13

• यत पुरुषं वयदधुः कतिधा वयकल्पयन |
• yát púruSaM ví ádadhuH katidhÁ ví akalpayan
• when Purusa they put-apart, in how many ways did they unmake
  
• यत, a form of the relative pronoun that came to mean "when": the relative pronoun is From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyás, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós, *Hyéh₂, *Hyód (“who, which”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὅς (hós), ἥ (hḗ), ὅ (hó).
  
• वयदधुः = वि- vi- ('un-'/'dis-')+ 3rd plural imperfect of दधाति dadhami "put, place" From Proto-Indo-European *dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti, reduplicated present from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). Cognates include Latin faciō, Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti), Old Armenian դնեմ (dnem), Old English dōn (English do)
• कति kati "how many" from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoti, adverb from *kʷos, *kʷis. Vowel merges to a, and the labiovelar merges with plain velar (satem language).
• Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσος (pósos) and Latin quotus, as in English quotient.
• This k sound goes back to a PIE labiovelar *kw- that occurs on many many interrogatives: think of quid pro quo and Latin quis, quid, and quo and qualis, etc. It's the same sound as begins the word discussed in Fortson exercise 10.3 किम kim "why."
• धा dha, "-wise/way" is an adverbial ending, so this word means "how many ways":
• वयकल्पयन from that same वि- vi- ('un-'/'dis-') from earlier in the line + कल्पयते (kalpayate) "be made" which looks like a causative built on कॢप् • (kḷp) "order, arrange, make"
  
• मुखं किमस्य कौ बाहू का ऊरू पादा उच्येते ||
• múkhaM kím asya káu bAhÚ kÁ UrÚ pÁdA ucyete
• mouth what of him, what arms, what thighs, what feet are called
  
• मुख • (múkha) n (anatomy) mouth
• किमस्य kimasya = kim + asya
• kim is "why" as in exercise 10.3 in Fortson (etymologically, I think, it should/could have been kid)
• -asya is a genitive: the PIE genitive singular ending at 6.48*osyo and all the cognates there.
• कौ and का kau and ka: must be interrogatives with that Sanskrit k- = Latin qu-= Greek p- we've seen in the previous line.
  
• बाहू bahu "arms" From Proto-Indo-Aryan *baHźʰúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῆχυς (pêkhus, “forearm”), Old English bōg (whence English bough).
  
• a dual
  
• ऊरू can't find this one yet.
  
• another dual
  
• पादा pada 'feet': this very word is declined in Fortson at 6.13: note that this is dual, and so has an ending *-h1/-h1e. Cognate with English foot, Latin pes, pedis, Greek pous, podos, as in 'pedal' 'octopus' etc.
  
• उच्येते ucyete, 3rd dual passive, from वक्ति vakti 'say' from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wákti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wákti, from Proto-Indo-European *wékʷ-ti, from *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognate with Latin vōx, Old Irish focul.
  
• बराह्मणो.अस्य मुखमासीद बाहू राजन्यः कर्तः |
• brAhmaNò 'sya múkham AsId bAhÚ rAjanyàH kRtáH
• ऊरूतदस्य यद वैश्यः पद्भ्यां शूद्रो अजायत ||
• UrÚ tád asya yád váiSyaH padbhy´åM SUdró ajåyata
• 
  
• चन्द्रमा मनसो जातश्चक्षोः सूर्यो अजायत |
• candrámA mánaso jAtáS cákSoH sÚryo ajAyata
• मुखादिन्द्रश्चाग्निश्च पराणाद वायुरजायत ||
• múkhAd índraS ca agníS ca prANÁd vAyúr ajAyata