Fortson Greek exercises: answers and reasoning
quotes are all from Wiktionary unless otherwise noted.

• 2.
  
• a. *h1le-h1ludh- 'come'
• a reduplicated perfect stem: interesting that the laryngeal AND the liquid reduplicate.
  
• the liquids /l/ stay the same
• the *dh devoices to become th
  
• word-final consonants except n and s drop away, but this is not word-final: it's just stem-final.
• laryngeals before a consonant : 12.24 indicates that they become one of three vowels *h1> *e , *h2> a, and *h3 > o , so here *h1l > el
• the e vowel in the middle: *h1l> e, so it becomes ele-eluth, which contracts to long ē
  
• > Greek ἐλήλῠθᾰ elḗlutha
  
• (the little half-moons over vowels simply indicate that the vowels are short)
• Beekes:
  “perf. εἰλήλουθα ('Attic reduplication' from * h1le-h1loudh-, with metrical lengthening), ptc. ἐ(ι)ληλουθώς (epic), ἐλήλυθα (post-Hom.)”
• Note that there are two ways to spell this stem out: with an ou and just a u.
  
• 
  
  
• b. *deh3-rom 'gift'
• > δῶρον
  
• "From Proto-Hellenic *dṓron, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic даръ (darŭ) and Albanian dhunti."
• *eh3 colors to *oh3, the laryngeal drops out, and compensatory lengthening occurs, so we are left with ō (ω)
• d and r stay the same.
• 12.20 says final *m became n
  
• c. *h2woideh2 'song'
• >   ἀοιδή aoidā , which turned into Attic  ᾠδή ōidḗ (the iota is written below the line in Greek because later Greek did not pronounce it)
  
• "From ᾰ̓είδω (aeídō, “to sing”) +‎ -η (-ē), from Proto-Hellenic *awéidō. "
  
• And the further etymology is "Unknown. Related nouns such as *awoidós (“singer”), *awoidā́ (“song”) suggest a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂weyd-,^[1] but no cognates in other Indo-European languages are known. Compare, however, Albanian ëzë."
• 12.24 says *h2 > a
  
• w, represented by digamma, disappears in most Greek dialects.
• *oi remains
• *d remains
  
• *eh2 colors to ah2, then *h2 drops out and compensatory lengthening occurs, which leaves ā (η)
  
• d. *gwelbhus 'womb'
• "From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelbʰ- (“womb”). Cognate with Sanskrit गर्भ(garbha)." Remember this one from the Indic chapter?
• *gwe > de
• *l remains
• *bh devoices to ph (12.10: devoicing of voiced aspirates)
• *u stays
• word-final *s stays
• > δελφυς delphús
  
• e. *tn̥tos 'stretched'
• Found in Wiktionary entry for Sanskrit तत tata: " From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tatás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tatás, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥tós (“stretched, extended”), from *ten- (“to stretch, extend”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τᾰτός (tatós), Latin tentus."
• *t stays
• *n̥ > a (12.21 syllabic nasals lose nasality and become a)
• *os stays
  
• f. *bhn̥g̑hus 'thick'
• Attic πῆχυς pēkhus
  
• Aeolic πᾶχῠς (pâkhus)
  
• "From Proto-Hellenic *pā́kʰus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰus. Cognates include Sanskrit बाहु (bāhu, “arm”), Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐏀𐎢 (bāzu) (Persian بازو‎ (bâzu)) and Old English bōg (English bough)."
• *g̑h > *gh (palatal stops merge into plain velars in centum languages)
  
• *bh > ph and *gh > kh devoicing of voiced aspirates)
• *us stays
  
• g. *h2weh1-ti
• 12.24 says *h2 > a
  
• w, represented by digamma, disappears in most Greek dialects.
• *eh1 does not color, but laryngeal drops out with compensatory lengthening > ē (η)
• *ti stays
• > ἄϝητι a(w)ēti "it blows"
  
• h. *h2i-h2eus-oh2 'I stay the night'
  
• > Greek ἰαύω iaúō
• Wiktionary: " From a reduplicated present *h₂í-h₂ews-ye- of Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“pass the night”). Cognates include Old Armenian ագանիմ (aganim), Hittite (ḫuiš-zi, “to live, survive”), and Sanskrit वसति (vásati, “to dwell, remain, stay; to stop”). Related to αὐλή (aulḗ).
• *h2i- > i (in my Greek dictionary, that's a short i: not sure why no compensatory lengthening, but it doesn't occur in every environment, and this is not one that I can find with my current resources)
• *h2e colors to a, laryngeal drops, and the a becomes long, which makes this a long diphthon.
• *oh2 > ō (ω) is the expected outcome of the PIE thematic 1st sg. present active ending (12.36).
  
• i. *h2enh1mos 'wind'
• " Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos), Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, a nominal derivative of *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”)"
  
• *h2e colors to a, but no compensatory lengthening: it is a short a in the Greek dictionary
  
• *h1 > e
• *mos stays
  
• j. *bheidhoh2 'I trust'
• devoicing of aspirates > *pheithoh2
• grassmans law dissimilates first aspirate > *peithoh2
• laryngeal drops out and lengthens > *peithō (πεἰθω)
  
• k. *newos 'new'
• *w drops out in most dialects
• > neos νέος
• "From Proto-Hellenic *néwos (compare Mycenaean Greek (ne-wo)), from Proto-Indo-European *néwos. Cognates include Old English nīwe (English new), Latin novus, Sanskrit नव (náva), and Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀‎‎ (nauua‎)."
  
• l. *n̥gwēn 'gland'
• > Greek ἀδήν adḗn, genitive ἀδένος adénos
  
• Wiktionary: "Beekes suggests Proto-Indo-European *h₁engʷḗn, because *h₁n̥gʷ-ḗn would produce *endḗn by Rix's Law (PIE *HR̥C > Proto-Hellenic *e/a/oRC), and rejects the connection with Latin inguen (“groin”) and Old Norse økkvenn (“thick, clodded”).^" 
• "De Vaan prefers to derive it from Proto-Indo-European *n̥gʷḗn (“the naked one”), from *negʷ- (“naked”), preserving the connection with Latin inguen but excluding the Germanic forms."
• *n̥ syllabic nasal > a
• *gwē > dē (12.15 covers the outcome of the labiovelars, which either go dental or labial depending on whether the accompanying vowel is front or back)
• *n consonant in final position stays
• 3. Some good reasons to think that the Indic and the Greek occurrences of Grassman's law, which says that the first of two aspirated consonants in a word will de-aspirate, include:
• No other languages show this law: if it were a change that happened already in PIE, we would expect other languages to show it. It may, however, still be an "areal" change, which means that somehow the Indic and the Greek are connected by being in the same "area." But the Indic and the Greek languages are separated by a vast distance, so it's hard to imagine or see how this could be an areal change.
  
• The Greek devoicing of the aspirates must have occurred before Grassman changes occurred in Greek, because of a form like tithemi (compare Sanskrit dadhami). If the change had occurred in PIE, Greek would be dithemi.
  
• 4. I think this is asking us to describe what we see in terms of a sound change law, and take it on faith that changes similar to this occurred regularly in Greek.
• One way to account for it would be a law that says that the labiovelar kw became a labial b, as expected according to 12.15, but then the labial b assimilated to the following nasal and become nasal mm or mn, but the aspirated *gwh, which became a ph as expected according to 12.15, but the aspiration made it not assimilate to nasals, so it remained phn.
• There may be other ways to formulate it.