Fortson More answers to Chapter 5 verbs

• 3. see first set of Fortson 5 exercises for all of answers to 3
  
• 4.
• a. ple
  
• answer to exercise is:
1. 1st sg. present indicative active *pékʷ-o-h₂
1. remember that thematic presents have 1st sg. endings
   *-h₂: the athematics have *-mi
   
2. 2nd sg. present indicative active *pékʷ-e-si
3. 3rd plural present indicative active *pékʷ-o-nti
4. 3rd sg. imperfect indicative active *e-pékʷ-e-t
5. 3rd plural imperfect indicative active *e-pékʷ-o-nt
• 5.23 says the primary 1st p. sg. active ending -h₂ is found in thematic verbs
  
• 5.23 says that only athematic verbs have the accented é in 3rd plural
• b. *pléw-o-h₂, *pléw-e-si, *pléw-o-nti
• imperfects are *e-----e-t, *e-----o-nt
  
• c. *bʰéydʰ-o-h₂, etc.
• d. *dér-oh₂, etc.
• e. *lég̑-
• f. dʰégʷʰ-
• 5.  subjunctive 1st and 2nd sg. and 3rd pl.  PLUS optative stems
• a.
  
  1. 1st person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-ne-d-o-h₂
  2. 2nd person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-e-si
     
  3. 3rd person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-e-ti
     
  4. 3rd person plural present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-o-nti (following the reconstruction on P. 106)
     
  5. singular present optative stems *bhi-n-d-yeh₁-
  6. plural present optative stems *bhi-n-d-ih₁-
• b. *peuh₂- > 
  
• *pu-né-h₂-o-h₂, *pu-né-h₂-e-si, *pu-né-h₂-e-ti, *pu-né-h₂-o-nti
• singular optative stem *pu-n-h₂-yeh₁-
  
• plural optative stem *pu-n-h₂-ih₁-
• c. *k̂lew- >
• *ḱl̥-né-w-o-h₂, *ḱl̥-né-w-e-si, *ḱl̥-né-w-o-nti
• optative stems: *ḱl̥-n-u-yéh₁-  and   *ḱl-n̥-w-ih₁
• d. *kʷréyh₂-
• *kʷri-né-h₂-o-h₂, *kʷri-né-h₂-e-si, *kʷri-né-h₂-o-nti
• optative stems:
  *kʷri-n-h₂-yéh₁- and
  *kʷri-n-h₂-ih₁-
• πριαμαι "buy"
• e. *terd- "bore, drill"
• *tr-ne-d-
• optatives: *tr-n-d-yéh₁-,
  *tr-n-d-ih₁-
• f. *h₃meiǵʰ-
• subjunctive stem: *h₃mi-ne-ǵʰ-
• optatives: *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ-yéh₁- and
  *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ-ih₁-
• Latin mingo.
• English 'miction' from Latin mictio (i.e. not a nasal-infix form)
  
• 6. perfects, all singular and 3rd plural indicatives: presumably active is wanted
• a. the answer to the first one is:
7. 1st sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-h₂e
8. 2nd sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-th₂e
9. 3rd sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-e
10. 3rd plural perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nk̑-´ēr (-r̥s)
11. it is not clear, but perhaps we are supposed to form the middles too:
2. 1st sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-h₂er
3. 2nd sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-th₂er
4. 3rd sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-or
5. 3rd plural perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nk̑-ro(r?)
• b. *dwei 'fear'
• *dedwóy-h₂e
• *dedwóyth₂e
• *dedwóye
• *deduyḗr
• "stative" in wiktionary
  
• Greek δεδϝοικα
• δεινος, δεος
• c. *dhers-
• *dʰedʰórsh₂e
• *dʰedʰórsth₂e
• *dʰedʰórse
• *dʰedʰr̥sḗr
• Greek tharsos/tharros/tharseo
• English 'dare'
• d. *g̑enh₁-, *ǵénh₁
• *g̑eg̑onh₁-h₂e, *g̑eg̑onth₁-h₂e, *g̑eg̑onh₁-e
• *g̑eg̑nh₁-ēr (-r̥s)
• *g̑eg̑onh₁-h₂e > Greek γέγονα
• this kind of perfect, called 2nd perfect in Greek, where the ending is attached to the stem, had become rare by historic times: in historic times, a perfect that ended in -κα (-ka) was more common. For verbs that have both -ka and the 2nd perfect, the -ka one usually refers to past tense, while the 2nd perfect is usually stative.
  
• Greek also has a reduplicated thematic present reflex of *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti
  
• Greek also has a -ye- present that metathesized
  γείνομαι
• e. *neigʷ- 'wash'
• *ne-nóygʷ-h₂e
• *ne-nigʷ-ḗr
• Greek νίζω "wash"
  
• Different from *sneygʷʰ- 'snow'
• f. *gʷem-
• *gʷegʷóm-h₂e
• *gʷegʷm-ḗr
• βέβηκα (it became a k perfect later, or so the theory goes: these kappa perfects are often said to come from kappa aorists, but Homer didn't have those, so that's a bit of a problem maybe)
• 7. form causative-iterative stem and translate them
  

• a.*bʰeudʰ- turns into
  
• *bʰoudʰ-éie- and *bʰoudʰ-éio- 'cause to wake'
• wiktionary lists it as *bʰowdʰ-éye-ti
• b. *leuk- 'light'
• turns into *lowk-eye-ti "cause to "
  
• Latin luceo.
• c. *yewdʰ- 'fight'
• turns into *yowdʰ-eye-ti 'cause to fight'
• d. *legʰ- 'lie' (as in English 'lay' (down))
  
• turns into *logʰ-eye-ti 'cause to lie' ('lie' as in 'lie down')
• e. *demh₂- 'tame' ('tame' is derived from it)
  
• turns into *domh₂-eye-ti
• which gives Latin domo 'tame,' 'conquer'
• f. *nek̂- 'disappear, come to harm'
• *noḱ-éye-ti
• which leads to Latin noceo "harm"
• 8. identify type of present stem and give optative stems
• a. 5.34: a thematic present because *-sk̂é-/-sk̂ó- presents are in the thematic presents section, and they clearly have the thematic e/o vowels: accented thematic suffix *-sk̂é-/-sk̂ó-, zero grade of root, meaning varies but mostly frequentative/inchoative/habitual
  • optative stems (5.57): for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁- (because this is a thematic present)
    
• b. 23, a Narten present with accented lengthened e-grade root in sg. (short e in pl.)
• for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁- (5.57)
  
• c. 30, simple thematic present with accented e grade of root
• for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁-
• d. 25-nasal infix, which is an athematic present, because that's the section nasal infixes are in and none of the inflected forms of them we've seen of them have thematic o/e vowels -yeh1/-ih1
  
• e. 5.31 a 'tudáti present because it has an accented e and zero grade of the root.
• *gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ónti
• they are thematic, so for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁-
• f. * mr-yé- 32,another thematic type: ye/yo presents
• they are thematic, so for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add *mr-yo-ih₁-
• g. *sél- 'jump' 22 (root athematic present: accented in the e grade)
  
• optative stems:
  
• sg. *slyeh₁-
• plural *sl-ih₁-
• Greek ἅλλομαι
  
• Latin salio from which we get English 'salient', 'resilient,' 'result', etc.
  
• h. *si-sd-e- 'seat' 36 (reduplicated present stem, from *sed- 'sit')
  
• optative stem  **sísdoyh₁-
• i. *dʰe-dʰeh₁- 27 (reduplicated athematic present)
  
• optative stems: singular *dʰédʰh₁yeh₁- and plural *dʰédʰh₁ih₁
  
• from *dʰéh₁- 'put, place'
  
• Greek τιθημι is from this:
  
•  δίδωμι is another reduplicated athematic present
• the i in Greek is explained as by analogy with the reduplicated thematic presents like h *sisde-
• 9. 2nd sg. indicative root aorist active with augment
• root aorists typically occur in verbs that have nasal infix and reduplicated presents
  
• active singular: add 2ndary endings directly to full grade of root
• everything else: add 2ndary endings directly to the zero-grade
  
• a. *e-peh₃-s 'you drank'
  
• same thing works for all of them here: augment it and add *-s
• b. *derk- "see"
• *e-derk-s "you saw"
  
• c. *e-dreh₃-s "you ran"
  
• prolly source of ἀποδιδράσκω
• d. *e-kʷél-s "you turned"
  
• see *kʷel-.
• whence 'pole' from Greek polos, which is root of Latin polus.
• also 'telos'
• also 'kuklos'
  
• also Latin colo ('culture,' etc.)
• e. *e-kʷer-s
• wiktionary lists it as meaning 'do, make'  generally, but in Hittite this root aorist has the meaning 'cut'
  
• f. *e-g̑enh₁-s 'you begat'
  • cf. 6d which also has *g̑enh₁-, *ǵénh₁
• 10. 3rd sg. s-aorists with augment
• add s after root
  
• in Greek, root form was an e-grade, but in Italic, it was a long e-grade
• add secondary endings
  
• a. *e-h₃nēid-s-t 'you blamed'
  
• b. *e-dewk̑-s-t 'you led'
  
• c. *e-neiH-s-t 'you led'
  
• d. *e-h₃reĝ-s-t 'you rule, straighten, direct'
  
• see *h₃réǵeti   .
• direct, rake, regulation
• e. *e-bʰer-s-t
• see Szmerenyi's law p. 70: doesn't apply here because it's not word end
  
• f. *e-prek̑-s-t
• 11. 5.14 and 5.22
  • 1st person sg. present indicative middle *mleuH-h₂ér
  • 2nd person sg. present indicative middle *mleuH-th₂ér
  • 3rd person sg. present indicative middle *mleuH-tór or *mluH-ór
  • 3rd person plural present indicative middle *mluH-rór, *mluHn̥tór
  • 1st person sg. imperfect indicative middle *mleuH-h₂é
  • 2nd person sg. imperfect indicative middle *mleuH-th₂é
  • 3rd person sg. imperfect indicative middle *mleuH-tó, *mluHó
  • 3rd person plural imperfect indicative middle *mluH-ró, *mluHn̥tó
• 12. present active participle stems for 3a-c and 4a-c
  
  • 3 was ordinary athematic root presents: participle formed on the weak present stem, says 5.60
  • 3a. *k̑ti- or you could spell it *k̑ty-
  • 3b. *h₂wéh₁- 'blow' yields *h₂uh₁-
  • 3c. *swénh₂- 'make a sound' yields *sunh₂-
  • 4 thematic presents: present e-grade stem + -o- thematic vowel, says 5.60
  • 4a. *pékʷ-o-
  • 4b. *plew-o-
  • 4c. *bʰeidʰ-o-
• 13. nom. sg. of perfect participle for 6a-c: 5.60 says take the zero-grade of the perfect stem and add the suffix *-wos-/*-us-/*-ih₂
  • 6a. *h₂nek̑- yields perfect participles *h₂eh₂n̥k̑-wos, *h₂eh₂n̥k̑-us, *h₂eh₂n̥k̑-us-ih₂
  • 6b. *dwei 'fear' yields perfect stem *dedwóy-, which yields perfect participles *deduy-wos, *deduy-us and *deduy-ih₂
  • 6c.*dhers- yields perfect stem *dʰedʰórs- which yields perfect participles
    *dʰedʰrs-wos, dʰedʰrs-us, and dʰedʰrs-us-ih₂
• 14. verbal adjectives of roots in 9 + translation: 5.61 says add suffix *-tó- to zero-grade : if verb is transitive, then verbal adjective has passive meaning, but if the verb is intransitive, then the verbal adjective has active meaning
  
• a. *ph₃-tó- 'drunk' (passive) or 'having drunk' (active) depending on whether this root is transitive or intransitive.
• b. *derk- "see" >>> *drk-tó- "seen"
  
• c. *e-dreh₃-s >>>> *drh₃-tó- "having run"
  
• d. *e-kʷél-s >>> kʷl-tó- "turned"
  
• e. *e-kʷer-s 'you cut' >>> kʷr-tó- "cut"
  
• f. *e-g̑enh₁-s 'you begat' >>> g̑nh₁-tó- "begotten"