Fortson Chapter 5 Exercises
  1. Functions of suffixes
    1. *-nt- 5.60
      1. forms present and aorist active participle: can ablaut to e or o grade.
      2.        ¸¸¸   absent/present < *h₁s-(e)nt
      3. sentient, subservient, servant (but not all -ant endings in English)
    2. *-nó- 5.61
      1. past participle ending, added to zero-grade of verbal roots: w/transitive verbs, it makes a passive: w/intransitives, it makes an active
      2. 'gone,' active past participle, from Proto-Germanic *gānaz (“gone”), past participle of *gāną (“to go”)
      3. 'eat' from Middle English eten, from Old English etan (“to eat”), from Proto-Germanic *etaną (“to eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, from *h₁ed- (“to eat”)
        1. 'eaten' passive past participle, from *h₁ed-no-
      4. English 'bitten'
      5. Some left their verbal origins behind, such as Latin plenus 'full' as found in English 'plenary': compare Latin pletus 'filled' as found in English 'suppletion' or 'replete.'
      6. See 1f below
    3. *-wos-/-us- 5.60 end
      1. added to zero-grade of the perfect stem
      2. *-wos- is masculine
      3. *-us- is neuter
      4. *-us-ih₂ is feminine
      5. Greek (w)eidÓs, (w)iduia "knowing" εἰδος, εἰδυῖα
        1. that word is part of a large group of "knowing/seeing" words: Greek eidos appearance, form, kind, idein to see: Old High German wizzan to know (1st & 3d singular present weiz, past westa, wessa, past participle giwizzan), Old Norse vita (1st & 3d singular present veit, past vissa, past participle vitathr), Gothic witan to know (1st singular present wait, past wissa), Latin vidēre to see, Greek eidenai to know, oida I know, idein to see, Sanskrit veda I know, he knows, vidyā knowledge; basic meaning: to see
        2. From Proto-Indo-European *wóyde, from *weyd-. Compare εἶδον (eîdon, “to see”) and εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to seem”), which originate from different aspectual forms of the same verbal root. Cognates include Old Armenian գիտեմ (gitem), Sanskrit वेद (veda), Latin vīdī, and Proto-Germanic *witaną (English wit)
    4. *-eh₂- (*ye-) 5.37
      1. this suffix makes factitive verbs: typically, you add it to an adjective, as in English "whiten" or "enliven" or "beautify": "make (a direct object) have some quality"
      2. *new- ('new') + -eh₂- > Latin renovāre 'renew' > English 'renovate' (*-eh₂- colors then lengthens > ā)
        1. From Proto-Italic *nowāō, from Proto-Indo-European *néweh₂ti, derived from *néwos (“new”), from the root *new-.
    5. *-ne- (infix) 5.25
      1. a nasal infix that also has a zero grade
      2. put into verbal roots: full grade in the sg. active, zero grade elsewhere
      3. 'join' is from Middle English joinen, joynen, joignen, from Old French joindre, juindre, jungre, from Latin iungō from Proto-Italic *jungō, from Proto-Indo-European *yunégti ~ *yungénti, from the root *yewg- ('yoke')
        1. also Latin derivatives in English: 'junction,' 'juncture,' and Spanish-derived English words 'junta' and 'ayuntamiento'
    6. *-tó- 5.61
      1. similar to *-nó- above at 1b.
      2. English words like 'advent' and 'convent' From Proto-Italic *gʷentus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷém-tu-s, from *gʷem- "come"
    7. *-eh₁- (ye-) 5.37
        1. suffix used to form 'stative' verbs (verbs that indicate a state, like "I am" or "I am blushing.") added to the zero grade of the verb root, but itself was supposedly always in the full grade.
        2. compare factitives: 1d.
          1. note that in Latin there are pairs of verbs that are factitive and stative and clearly show the suffix difference: clarāre-clarēre, albāre-albēre, nigrāre-nigrēre, liquāre-liquēre: the long a is from original short e+ laryngeal 2, whereas the long e is from short e + larryngeal 1!
        3. cf. English 'erubescent' from Latin rubere "to be red," from Proto-Italic *ruðēō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti (“to be red”), from the root *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)
          1. note, by the way, that ἐρυθρος as in English 'erythrocyte' (red blood cell) is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós (“red”), from the root *h₁rewdʰ-. Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀬𐀲𐀨 (e-ru-ta-ra), Latin ruber, Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Tocharian A/B rtär/ratre, and Old English rēad (English red). Here Greek is the only language to preserve the sound of the laryngeal *h₁ at the beginning of the word, which became ε (e).
        4. Latin acēre to be sharp > English 'acid'
        5. this, by the way, is the origin of the Greek aorist passive -η-, for anyone who knows that
    8. *e- (prefix) 5.44
        1. the augment that is added to verbs: Fortson says it is probably confined to some daughter languages and not original to PIE, but he nonetheless talks as though it is original to PIE in some ways. That's probably because it's important and you should know about it, because it's in Sanskrit!!! and Greek!!!
        2. The imperfect and aorist can appear with or without the augment (in Homer and Vedic Sanskrit too)
          1. The forms without the augment have been called "injunctives," by which is meant I guess that they are "timeless" or "gnomic" or maybe something else (go read Fortson and draw your own conclusions: §5.44)
          2. Greek and Vedic Sanskrit are the place to find forms that have and do not have the augment and might be different from each other, but might not.
          3. Hittite lacks it, which is a good reason to think maybe it was a later development confined to certain branchings.
          4. I bet there are some words in English whose etyma have the augment and so bring it into English by borrowing (which should never be confused with it being native to English). If you find one, please bring it to my attention.
    9. *-sye/o-, which is a compound of a suffix plus a thematic vowel: *h₁s - e/o- 5.40
        1. a "desiderative" suffix: used to form verbs meaning "want to _______"
        2. it came to form Greek futures such as
          1. *h₁leudʰ-se-tor > ἐλευσεται ('one will come') (cf.
            (h₁)é-h₁ludʰet > ἔλυθε (one came))
          2. *kʷendʰ-se-tor > πεἰσεται (cf. *ékʷn̥dʰ-e > ἔπαθε 'one suffered')
          3. *men-h₁soh₂ 'I will remain' > μενέω > μενῶ
          4. the pattern is stop+s+e or resonant+h₁s+e
        3. Note that the English future "will" is a desiderative: prolly no coincidence?
        4. Many Greek futures are deponent (i.e. middle in form, but seem active to us), which seems in keeping with the meaning of a desiderative ("I want (for myself?)...").
    10. *-ye/o- 5.32/33
        1. Fortson notes that two different suffixes are spelled this way:
          1. one, to form ordinary presents of verbs, as in Greek μαίνομαι From Proto-Hellenic *məňňómai, from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥yétor (“to think”), from *men- 'to think' Cognates include Sanskrit मन्यते (manyate), Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti), Old Irish ·muinethar, and Lithuanian miniu.
            1. note that in μαίνομαι, the *y metathesized with the nasal and wound up in the root. That can happen, and does so regularly as part of sound changes.
            2. English 'mnemonic' shows clearly a Greek zero-grade of the root
            3. English 'automaton' shows clearly a zero-grade where the nasal was syllabic and became an a (*mn̥tós)
            4. English 'memory'  is from a reduplicated and zero-grade reflext from Latin memor f rom Proto-Italic *memnos, Proto-Indo-European *me-mn-os-, a reduplicated form of *men- (“to think”)
            5. English 'mental' from Latin mens, mentis 'mind', a clear e-grade from *men- (“to think”) +‎ *-tis
            6. English 'mind' is from the Germanic branch, from Middle English minde, münde, ȝemünde, from Old English mynd, ġemynd (“memory, remembrance; memorial, record; act of commemoration; thought, purpose; consciousness, mind, intellect”), from Proto-Germanic *mundiz, *gamundiz (“memory, remembrance”), from Proto-Indo-European *méntis (“thought”), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”)
            7. English 'monitor' (back to the Latin branch), from Latin moneo 'warn' from Proto-Indo-European *mon-éye-, causative from *men-
              1. 'monster' is from this too.
          2. to form denominative verbs (verbs that are made from nouns, like English "to head" or "to table"
            1. German nennen "to name" From Middle High German [Term?], from Old High German nemnen, from Proto-Germanic *namnijaną,
              From *namô +‎ *-janą
              1. that suffix *-janą is from a merger of several Proto-Indo-European suffixes, which had become alike because of the combination of Sievers' law (j/ij) and i-mutation:
              1. *-yéti (denominative suffix) attached to athematic stems. Cognates include Ancient Greek denominatives with -y- metathesis, verbs in -ίω (-íō) and -ύω (-úō), Sanskrit denominative verbs in -यति (-yáti).
    11. *-éye- 5.35
        1. this is a 'causative-iterative' suffix, which means that it forms verbs that are either causative or iterative
          1. 'causative' means that the verb means 'cause to ____'
            1. In English, we make causative formations with 'have' as in "I had my dog trained.'
          2. 'iterative' means it is repeated somehow
        2. above there is the instance English 'monitor' (back to the Latin branch), from Latin moneo 'warn' from Proto-Indo-European *mon-éye-, causative from *men-
    12. *-m(e)no- or *-mh₁no- 5.60
        1. forms middle/passive participles
        2. 'alumna/alumnus' has the zero grade of this
        3. 'phenomenon' and 'prolegomena' are from Greek words that have this suffix.
    13. *-yeh₁-/-ih₁- 5.57
        1. forms the optative: see §5.57

    14. *-sk̑é/ó- 5.34
        1. roudhēskō, turn red, senēskō, grow old > English 'senescent'
        2. see 1f.2.1.2 above
        3. can have durative, inchoative, or habitual senses depending on how it is used in the daughter language it is found in
        4. German forschen/forschung "research" has this suffix, as does Latin posco 'ask for': they may show a desiderative function too.
  2. Identifying verb inflectional endings
    1. *-th₂er 25
    2. *-oh₂ 55
    3. *-ti 12
    4. *-(t)o 12, 14
    5. *-we- 12
    6. *-(t)or 14
    7. *-m 12
    8. *-si 12
    9. *-s 12
    10. *-(é)nti 12
    11. *-tu 54
    12. *-te 12
    13. *-mi 12
    14. *-ntu 54
    15. *-ro 14
    16. *-(é)nt 12
    17. *-dhi 54
    18. *-t 12
    19. *-h₂er 14
    20. *-ēr, *-r̥s 51
    1. *pekʷ- 'cook'
      1. answer to exercise is:
        1. 1st sg. present indicative active *pékʷ-o-h₂
          1. remember that thematic presents have 1st sg. endings
            *-h₂: the athematics have *-mi
        2. 2nd sg. present indicative active *pékʷ-e-si
        3. 3rd plural present indicative active *pékʷ-o-nti
        4. 3rd sg. imperfect indicative active *e-pékʷ-e-t
        5. 3rd plural imperfect indicative active *e-pékʷ-o-nt
      2. 5.23 says the primary 1st p. sg. active ending -h₂ is found in thematic verbs
      3. 5.23 says that only athematic verbs have the accented é in 3rd plural
      1. 1st person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-ne-d-o-h₂
      2. 2nd person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-e-si
      3. 3rd person sg. present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-e-ti
      4. 3rd person plural present subjunctive active *bhi-né-d-o-nti (following the reconstruction on P. 106)
      5. singular present optative stems *bhi-n-d-yeh₁-
      6. plural present optative stems *bhi-n-d-ih₁-
      1. 1st sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-h₂e
      2. 2nd sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-th₂e
      3. 3rd sg. perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-e
      4. 3rd plural perfect active indicative *h₂eh₂nk̑-´ēr (-r̥s)
      5. it is not clear, but perhaps we are supposed to form the middles too:
        1. 1st sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-h₂er
        2. 2nd sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-th₂er
        3. 3rd sg. perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nók̑-or
        4. 3rd plural perfect middle indicative *h₂eh₂nk̑-ro(r?)
      1. optative stems: for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁- (because this is a thematic present)
      1. for the present optative, both sg. and pl. add -o-ih₁-
    1. we can surmise that the Sanskrit forms came from earlier forms as follows:
      1. duháte < *duhn̥te : t would be a marker of 3rd person
      2. duhráte < *duhrn̥te : the r would be a middle marker and t would be a marker of 3rd person
      3. duhré < *duhroi :
    2. 5.15 tells us that there is a dispute about whether *r or *i were the primary tense markers for the middle. Fortson thinks it was *r because Anatolian and Tocharian had that (and Anatolian is the oldest branch).
      1. so, given that, the forms with *r might be older.
      2. but if you believe it went the other way, the *r would be younger
    3. 5.15 tells us that the -nt- in the endings is seen by some people as imported from the active
    4. 5.18 tells us that the t-less ending (duhré < *duhroi) is taken by some as evidence of a separate stative conjugation. But it's not obvious that this verb is stative, is it?
      1. Latin ēs "you eat" and ēst "she/he/it eats": note that long e
      2. Vedic Skt. ad-ánti "they eat" (ad- < *h₁ed-)
      3. Vedic Skt. mā´rs-ti "he/she/it wipes" (-ā- < *-ē-)
      4. Greek héstai "he/she/it puts on clothes" (hes- < *wes-
      5. Greek keî-tai 'he/she/it lies down'
    1. Why are these evidence for Narten presents?