Fortson15ex1-4Answers

Fortson Germanic Chapter Exercise answers.

NOTE: 15.10 says that all stops could be lost if they are the final consonant in a word of more than one syllable: so that applies to all stops below as a possible outcome.
a. *b > Grimm's law says p
b. *ō > 15.14 says it stayed the same
c. *o > 15. 14 says it collapsed with *a into a
d. *t > Grimm's law says th
e. *p > Grimm's law says f
f. *r̥ > 15.13 says syllabic resonants developed a u in front of them, so ur
g. *n̥ > 15.13 again, un
h. *kw > Grimm says kw
i. *dh > Grimm says d (sometimes voiced fricative, perhaps, says Fortson)
j. *u̯> all consonant resonants stayed the same says 15.13
k. *k̑ > k

palatal velars merged with plain velars in centum languages (Germanic is centum)

l. *ā > 15.14 says long a and long o merged to long o.
m. *s >

mostly stayed s, except in an environment where Verner changes apply and word-finally.
15.9 says Verner environment changed *s to z (which became r in English and other West Germanic languages)
word-finally, it also changed to z, says 15.9

n. *ei >

I can't find this in Fortson
I find on Wiktionary's discussion "about Proto-Germanic" the following: ēi probably merged with the close-mid long vowel ē2. The diphthong -ei- does not exist, it is written -ī- .

o. *gh > Grimm says g (with perhaps an intermediate affricated stage)
p. *gwh > two outcomes, says Fortson under Grimm in 15.6, namely either gw or b, and maybe sometimes w

2. Give the PIE sound from which the boldfaced English sound is likely to have descended. NOTE: this is about English sounds, not just Germanic, so we have to look at the PIE > Germanic changes as well as the particular changes within Germanic that led to West Germanic and English in particular.

a. leech < 15.56 says this was likely the result of palatalization of *k

wiktionary: From Proto-Germanic *lēkijaz, but the trail goes colder from there.

b. quoth < Grimm II suggests *gw

the link trail in Wiktionary eventually leads to Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-

c. seep < Grimm II suggests *b

Wiktionary confirms: from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *sib-

d. have < Verner changes might have changed a PGmc *f to v, and Grimm suggests that *f came from *p

Wiktionary confirms: it is from *keh₂p-

e. stare < (Grimm does not apply if the stop is preceded by an s), so it is likely from *st-

Wiktionary confirms: from Proto-Indo-European *stere-, *strē- (“strong, steady”)

f. root < Grimm II suggests that PIE *d > Pgmc *t

Wiktionary confirms: from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); cognate with wort, radish, and radix

g. hollow < Grimm I suggests this is from PIE *k

Wiktionary confirms: from Proto-Germanic *halhwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelḱwos

h. bloom < Grimm III suggests this is from PIE *bh

Wiktionary confirms: the noun 'bloom' is from Proto-Germanic *blōmô (“flower”), which is from the verb *blōaną 'bloom' which is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-

3. The following forms are from PIE at the pre-Germanic stage after laryngeal coloring and laryngeal disappearing and after the centum merger of velars. We are supposed to apply Grimm, Verner 15.8, and Accent shifting (end of 15.8 and 15.18) where appropriate, step by step in that order.

a.*ábelo-

1. Grimm: > *ápelo-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

b. *átalo-

1. Grimm: > *áþalo-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

c. *tréi-

1. Grimm: > *þréi-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

d. *trityó-

1. Grimm: > *þriþyó-
2. Verner: > *þriðyó-

note that this "hardened" into d in West Germanic (15.50)

3. Accent: *þríðyo-

e. *réise-

1. Grimm: > *réise-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant *s is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

f. *roisyé-

1. Grimm: > *roisyé-
2. Verner: > *roizyé-
3. Accent: *róizye-
15.9 says the z becomes r in English, and eventually that leads to "rear"

g. *s´ēdyo- (accent AND macron should be on that e) >

1. Grimm: > *s´ētyo-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

h. *loityé-

1. Grimm: > *loiþyé-
2. Verner: *loiðyé
3. Accent: *lóiðye-

i. *dh´ō- (accent and macron on o)

1. Grimm: > *d´ō-
2. Verner: doesn't apply to word-initial consonants or Grimm III changes
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

j. *gh´ē-

1. Grimm: > *g´ē-
2. Verner: doesn't apply to word-initial consonants or Grimm III changes
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

k. *gn´ō-

1. Grimm: > *kn´ō-
2. Verner: doesn't apply t word-initial consonants or Grimm II changes
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

l. *gnéwo-

1. Grimm: > *knéwo-
2. Verner: doesn't apply t word-initial consonants or Grimm II changes
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

m. léuse-

1. Grimm: > léuse-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

n. *dhrénge-

1. Grimm: > *drénke-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there
15.56 says this ought to palatalize to ch, but it doesn't if the outcome is 'drink': The OED reports that the noun 'drink' was indeed 'drinch' in many places in OE, but that it changed from ch to k by analogy with the verb 'drink' from drinkan which presumably didn't have an e near the k to palatalize it.

o. *dhrongyé-

1. Grimm: > *dronkyé-
2. Verner: doesn't apply to Grimm II changes
3. Accent: *drónkye-
this is a causative version of n.
15.56 says this should palatalize to *dronchye, whence the ch in 'drench'

p. *sténge-

1. Grimm: > *sténke-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there
15.56 applies, because of the e, and OED reports the OE origin of "stink" is indeed Old English stincan , but says it is from < West Germanic *stiŋkwan, in which case the i would have made it palatalize, I guess...

q. *stóngyo-

1. Grimm: > *stónkyo-
2. Verner: doesn't apply because vowel before the consonant affected by Grimm is stressed
3. Accent: no need to shift to initial syllable, because it's already there

*péku-

Grimm *féhu-
Verner: nope
Accent: no need
ENGLISH DESCENDANT: fee

*bhére-

Grimm *bére-
Verner: nope
Accent: no need
ENGLISH DESCENDANT: bear ('carry')

*bhr̥ronó-

Grimm *br̥ronó-
Verner nope
Accent *b´r̥rono-
ENGLISH DESCENDANT

*upér

Grimm *ufér
Verner *uvér
Accent *úver
ENGLISH DESCENDANT: over

*kasó-

Grimm *hasó-
Verner *hazó-
Accent *házo-
and the z changes to r per 15.9
ENGLISH DESCENDANT: hare

*séute-

Grimm *séuþe-
Verner *séuðe-
Accent no need
ENGLISH DESCENDANT seethe

*sutonó-

Grimm *suþonó-
Verner *suðonó-
Accent *súðonó-
ENGLISH DESCENDANT sodden?

*lusonó-

Grimm no change
Verner *luzonó
Accent *lúzono
and the z changes to r
ENGLISH DESCENDANT lorn as in forlorn or lovelorn

*altó-

Grimm *alþó-
Verner *alðó-
Accent *álðo-
ENGLISH DESCENDANT old or auld as in auld lang syne

4. Figure out the modern English descendants of 3b above: already done above.