Fortson 10 Indic Exercise Answers
- 1.
- a. *gwolbhom
- Brugmann? syllabifies to *gwol.bhom, so no open syllable
with short o, no Brugmann
- velar changes? labiovelars merge with plain velars, so
*gwolbhom > *golbhom
- 10.5 the velar that results is not next to i or e, so no
further change here
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*golbhom > *galbam, and that's Sanskrit for 'womb'
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants?
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes?
- r and l > r
- b. *bhagos
- Brugmann? syllabifies to *bha.gos, so no open syllable
with short o, no Brugmann
- velar changes? no labiovelars
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*bhagos > *bhagas
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants?
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes?
- r and l > r
- c. *dhermn̥
- Brugmann? no o at all, so no Brugmann
- velar changes? no velars here
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*dhermn̥ > *dharmn̥
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants? 10.9 says syllabic nasals changed to
a, so *dharmn̥ > dharma, the Sanskrit word
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes?
- r and l > r
- d. *g̑henu
- Brugmann? no o, so no
- velar changes? 10.5 says that *g̑h affricated to Indic *jh (should
have a mark above it, but I can't figure out how
to make it again)
- so, *g̑henu
> *jhenu
- and
10.29 tells us that aspirated *jh and
palatalized *jh (I can't figure out
how to put the mark above the j to
make it 'palatalized') merged into h,
- which
led to *jhenu
> *henu
-
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so *henu
> *hanu,
and hanu is
the Sanskrit word
for 'jaw'
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants? none
- r and l > r none
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes? none
- cf. the more obscure English "genial" meaning "having to
do with the chin/jaw" (in anatomy)?
<
ancient Greek γένειον
- Note that Wiktionary
lists the most likely root here as *ǵénus
(“chin, jaw”), and says of Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰánuš that
aspiration of *ĵ is unexplained
- Under the Sanskrit
word "jaw," Wiktionary lists From Proto-Indo-Aryan
*źʰánuṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰánuš, from
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“chin, jaw”)
- So it seems that the
aspiration is there, but "unexplained".
- e. *meg̑horēg̑ō
- Brugmann? syllabifies to *me.g̑o.rē.g̑ō,
so YES, BRUGMANN > *meg̑ōrēg̑ō
- velar changes? 10.5 says *g̑ affricated to Indic *j and g̑h to *jh,
so *meg̑hōrēg̑ō
> *mejhōrējō
- and as in
d above, *jh > *h, so *mejhōrējō
> *mehōrējō
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so *mehōrējō
> *mahōrējō
- and long e, o, and a > ā , so *mahōrējō
> *mahārājā,
and sanksrit maharaja results
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants?
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes?
- r and l > r
- f. *kwormn̥
- Brugmann? syllabifies to *kwor.mn̥, so no Brugmann
- velar changes? labiovelars change to plain velars (10.5),
so *kwormn̥ >*kormn̥
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*kormn̥ > *karmn̥
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants? 10.9 says syllabic nasals changes to
a, so *karmn̥ > Sanskrit karma
- g. *semskwr̥tom
- Brugmann? syllabifies to *sem.skwr̥.tom, so no Brugmann
- velar changes? labiovelars change to plain velars (10.5),
so *semskwr̥tom > *semskr̥tom
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*semskr̥tom > *samskr̥tam
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants? 10.34 says r̥ is often written as
ri, so *samskr̥tam > *samskritam
- and that's the word for "Sankrit" in Sanskrit!
- h. *nirweh2nom
- pre-Indo-Iranian changes? *nirweh2nom > *nirwah2nom
> *nirwānom
- Brugmann? no open syllable with short o, so no Brugmann
- velar changes? no velars here
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*nirweh2nom > *nirwānam
- and long e, o, and a > long ā, so no change
- monophthonization of diphthongs? no diphthongs here
- changes to resonants? 10.38 says the glide w is mostly
written as v, so *nirwānam > *nirvānam, which is Sanskrit
nirvana
- r and l > r
- i. *weidos
- Brugmann? no
- velar changes? no velars here
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*weidos > *weidas
- and 10.15 says that the diphthong *ei > *ai , so
*weidas > *waidas
- monophthonization of diphthongs? 10.38 *ai > *e, so
*waidas > *wedas
- changes to resonants? 10.38 says the glide w is mostly
written as v, so *wedas > *vedas, as in the vedas
of Sanskrit literature
- r and l > r
- j. *yeugom
- Brugmann? no
- velar changes? the velar *g is not near an e or i, so it
doesn't change.
- vowel mergers? 10.14 says *e, *o, and *a > *a, so
*yeugam
- and 10.15 says that the diphthong*eu > *au, so
*yeugam > *yaugam
- monophthonization of diphthongs? 10.38 *ai > *o, so
*yaugam > *yogam, like the yoga some people
practice
- changes to resonants? no resonants here
- For an earlier unattested *किद् (kid), from Proto-Indo-Iranian
*kíd ~ číd, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷím. Cognate with Younger
Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬨 (cim), 𐬐𐬆𐬨 (kəm).[1] According to Mayrhofer,
किम् (kim) is either an archaism or a Prakritism.