Classics 22: Etymology

• When in compounds, adjective stems usually come before noun stems.
• The following are Greek adjectival stems whose nominative ends in ς, which is not part of the stem and has been omitted here.
• Stems that end in υ, transliterated as y, may have that y changed to i or dropped for the sake of euphony.
  

1. Fill in examples in the third column above: feel free to use words found in these exercises.
2. Analyze the following:
   

   polychrome	achromatic a not + chromat color + ic having to do with	tetrachloride tetra 4 + chlor green + ide chemical
   chlorine chlor green + ine chemical	cyanide cyan blue + ide chemical	cyanamide cyan blue + am (from ammonia, which has to do with camel urine at a temple in the desert) + ide chemical
   erythrocytopoiesis erythr- red + o cement + cyt cell + o cement + poiesis formation	erythrophile: having an affinity for red coloring matter (of tissues or cells)	erythrophagocytosis: consumption of red blood cells by histiocytes and other phagocytes
   glaucochroite mineral= glauc bluish grey + chro color + ite mineral	glaucodote: gray giver: a mineral: used in making "smalt glass" which has a blue color	chloroiodide: aka iodochloride: contains iodine and chlorine
   iodine iod- violet + ine chemical	leucocyte leuc white + o + cyte cell	leukemia leuk white + em blood + ia thing/condition/abstraction
   melaleuca black trunk white branched Australian tree	melanochroic: dark hair, pale complexion melan+ ochro (not -chro-)	melanemia: melanin in the blood melan- black + em blood + ia thing/condition/abstraction
   xanthomelanous olive/yellow skin black hair: 1860's typology of humans: maybe should have been melanoxanthous, because other parallel terms (see melanochroic in next column) have hair first	ocher/ochre	polioencephalitis
   poliomyelitis poli grey + o cement + myel marrow + itis morbid condition	porphyrogenite: a son born to a father already on the throne	porphyry
   xanthophyll xanth- yellow + o + phyll leaf	Xanthippe xanth yellow + hippe mare	hydrargyrum
   chalcocyanite: mineral chalc= bronze + o + cyan blue + ite mineral	chalcolithic: between neolithic and bronze age when some copper was used	chalkosideric: transitional between bronze and iron ages
   chrysalis: apparently thought of as gold-colored when originally formed	chryselephantine made of gold and ivory chrys gold + elephant ivory/elephant + ine characterized by	chrysochlorous: greenish gold in color
   chrysophilist: gold-lover	cyprolithic: same as chalcolithic	Cyprus: maybe from copper, maybe from Cypress, maybe some plant
   molybdenum; an element, not lead no roots: this one can't be broken down: look it up	siderolite: iron meteorite	sideroxylon:  very hardwooded tropical tree
   antisideric: drug counteracting iron effects anti against + sider iron/steel + ic having to do with	thiamine: sulfur (vit)-amin (vitamin < vit + am(mon) + ine)	thiocyanic: a strong smelling acid
   chrysophyll: yellow coloring matter in plants: decomposition of chlorophyll chrys- gold + o + phyll leaf	xanthophyll	chlorophyll

   
   
3. What are the following diseases:

   chromatosis: pigment in an unusual area	cirrhosis: liver disesase
   chlorosis:iron deficiency in young girls called greensickness	cyanosis: grayishness caused by deficient blood oxygenation
   erythrosis:reddishness caused by vascular congestion	leucosis: leukosis: leukaemia
   melanosis: abnormal melanin deposition	ochronosis: rare familial condition involving pigment deposition in ligaments, cartilages, and tendons ochr+ nosos+ osis (a sort of rare melding of two roots at end)
   poliosis: loss of hair color	xanthosis: abnormal yellow skin coloration
   argyrosis: permanent darkness of skin due to overuse of medicines containing silver	siderosis: pneumoconiosis of iron workers
   erythroleucosis: leukosis in poultry	pneumoconiosis = pneumon lung + coni dust + osis morbid condition

   
   
4. What is the chemical symbol for silver? Why? Why is sulfur spelled sulphur in many countries? Why is the symbol for copper Cu whereas it is spelled copper, and its Greek root is cypr-?
1. Latin version of Cyprus was cupr-
   
5. Find English words with the following etymological meanings: 

   slow movement	bradykinesis
   swift heartedness	tachycardia
   flatfoot	platypus
   deep globe	bathysphere
   low blood sweetness	hypoglycemia
   a carrying around	periphery
   a large seed	megaspore
   big tooth	megalodon
   voice afar	telephone
   fear of water	hydrophobia
   result of sharpening beside	paroxysm
   self life writer	autobiographer
   cause to puncture	stigmatize
   green leaf	chlorophyll
   heaviness measurer	barometer
   red cell	erythrocyte
   thick headed lizard	pachycephalosaurus
   deep heat writing	bathythermograph
   sweet peeing	glycuresis, glycosuria
   thick skin	pachyderm
   quick writing	tachygraphy
   sharp dull/slow thing	oxymoron
   broad-jawed	eurygnathous
   under sweet blood	hypoglycemia
   big O	omega
   flat fingered	platydactylous
   big beast thing	megatherium

6. Analyze the following:
   

   licorice sweetroot glyc+ rhiz	tachyon faster than light hypothetical particle	megalomania
   megalosaur	presbyopia	baritone
   aneurysm ana + broadened	baryon three quarked particle	amblypoda: extinct tusked and horned elephantine beasts
   bathyorography orogeny	tachometer	panchreston: a broadly inclusive and often oversimplified thesis that is intended to cover all possible variations within an area of concern: a bromide: a platitude
   abyss not-bottomed	batholith: intrusive igneous rock that usually stops short of surface and has unknown depth	trachyte: a volcanic rock
   brachyblast short shoot bearing clustered leaves	megadeath: unit of deaths from nuclear war	oxygen
   barium element	Europe: broad-faced? or perhaps semitic for "go down" as in the sun	amphibrach: short long short in meter
   presbyter church official	pantomime	pantheon

7. The roots of the following are not obvious, but each has one from this chapter:
   

   brace < brachium arm < brachys short	licorice
   almagest: the greatest: Ar + Gk: early medieval compilations of knowledge	diapason: a full deep outburst of sound: through all the octave
   pasigraphy: artificial international language uses signs rather than words for ideas	plaice: from Platys via F. a flounder
   priest: presbyter	plate: platys
   threose: syrupy sugar, anagram of erythr-	janthina: violet flower: a kind of snail: ios + anthos
   leucojum: an herb, "white violet" leukos + ios	melanchthonian: a religious reformer named Schwarzert (black earth)
   calomel: pretty black: a salt used as a fungicide among other things

   
   
8. Consider the following pairs: note how easily your vocabulary can multiply!
   

   tachygenesis	bradygenesis
   tachycardia	bradycardia
   tachyauxesis	bradyauxesis
   eurycnemic	platycnemic
   euryhaline (able to withstand wide variation in salinity)	stenohaline (not able to withstand wide variation in salinity)

9. What is unusual about the placement of the roots in rhineura (limbless lizard), hepatosplenomegalia (both liver and spleen enlarge)  and isothermobath (connects equal temperature in ocean) ?
   
10. What is unusual about isobath (line connecting equal depths underwater), isotach (connects equal wind speed) or acromegaly (adult disease: aka gigantism: flat bones broaden tongue, nose, abdomen, and jaws keep growing)?
    
11. How is gluc- in glucose related to glyc(y) as in glycogen? akin to it: Gk gleuk- v. gluk-
    
12. The color of your skin: these terms have to do with either skin color in animals or humans, or color more generally:

    xanthochroic	melanochroous	monochroic
    pleochroic	polychroic	aithochroi (dark redbrown skin: Gk aithos=redbrown)
    allochroous	metachrosis