From left to right is earliest to latest (but being in the same "column" does not mean the languages came to exist at the same time or existed at the same time.
From top to bottom is roughly West to East. An asterisk marks a "dead" language.
| PROTO- INDO- EUROPEAN* |
Celtic* |
Continental
Celtic* |
Celtiberian* |
|||
| Gaulish* |
||||||
| Insular
Celtic* |
Goidelic* |
Old
Irish* |
Irish Gaelic |
|||
| Scots Gaelic |
||||||
| Manx* |
||||||
| Brittonic* |
Welsh |
|||||
| Breton |
||||||
| Cornish* |
||||||
| Germanic* |
East Germanic* |
Gothic* |
||||
| North
Germanic* |
Runic* |
|||||
| Old
Norse* |
Norwegian |
|||||
| Swedish |
||||||
| Danish |
||||||
| Icelandic |
||||||
| Faroese |
||||||
| West
Germanic* |
Old English* |
Middle
and Modern English |
||||
| Frisian |
||||||
| Old Saxon* |
Low
German |
|||||
| Dutch |
||||||
| Old
High German* |
High
German |
|||||
| Yiddish |
||||||
| Italic* |
Sabellic
(Osco-Umbrian)* |
Oscan* |
||||
| Umbrian* |
||||||
| South
Picene* |
||||||
| Latino-Faliscan* |
Faliscan* |
|||||
| Latin(*, not quite dead) |
French |
|||||
| Provençal |
||||||
| Spanish |
||||||
| Catalan |
||||||
| Portuguese |
||||||
| Italian |
||||||
| Romanian |
||||||
| Rhaeto-Romance |
||||||
| Balto-Slavic* |
Baltic* |
Old
Prussian* |
||||
| Lithuanian |
||||||
| Latvian |
||||||
| Slavic* |
East
Slavic* |
Russian |
||||
| Belarussian |
||||||
| Ukrainian |
||||||
| South
Slavic* |
Old
Church Slavonic* |
|||||
| Bulgarian |
||||||
| Macedonian |
||||||
| Slovene |
||||||
| Serbo-Croatian |
||||||
| West
Slavic* |
Polish |
|||||
| Sorbian |
||||||
| Czech |
||||||
| Slovak |
||||||
| Albanian |
||||||
| Greek |
||||||
| Anatolian* |
Hittite* |
|||||
| Palaic* |
||||||
| Luvian* |
||||||
| Lycian* |
||||||
| Lydian* |
||||||
| Carian* |
||||||
| Pisidian* |
||||||
| Sidetic* |
||||||
| Armenian |
||||||
| Indo-Iranian |
Indic
(Indo-Aryan) |
Sanskrit* |
Middle
Indic* |
Prakrit*
(incl. Pali*) |
||
| Modern
Indic |
Hindi-Urdu |
|||||
| Bengali |
||||||
| Punjabi |
||||||
| Gujarati |
||||||
| Romani |
||||||
| Kashmiri |
||||||
| Sinhalese |
||||||
| Marathi |
||||||
| Iranian |
Old
Iranian |
Avestan* |
||||
| Old
Persian* |
||||||
| Middle
Iranian* |
Parthian* |
|||||
| Middle
Persian* |
||||||
| Bactrian* |
||||||
| Khotanese* |
||||||
| Tumshuqese* |
||||||
| Sogdian* |
||||||
| Choresmian* |
||||||
| Modern
Iranian |
Persian
(Farsi) |
|||||
| Kurdish |
||||||
| Balochi |
||||||
| Pashto |
||||||
| Ossetic |
||||||
| Yaghnobi |
||||||
| Nuristani |
||||||
| Tocharian* |
Tocharian A* |
|||||
| Tocharian B* |
||||||
| Indo-European
languages
of uncertain affiliation: Phrygian* Thracian* Macedonian* Illyrian* Venetic* Messapic* Lusitanian* |
||||||