Aristotle, Posterior Analytics
(aka APo), 72b5-27:
- Now some think that because one must understand the primitives
there is no understanding at all; others that there is, but that there
are demonstrations of everything. Neither of these views is either true
or necessary.
- For the one party, supposing that one cannot understand in
another way, claims that we are led back ad infinitum on the grounds that we
would not understand what is posterior because of what is prior if
there are no primitives; and they argue correctly, for it is impossible
to go through infinitely many things. And if it comes to a stop and
there are principles, they say that these are unknowable since there is
no demonstration of them,
which alone they say is understanding; but if one cannot know the
primitives, neither can what depends on them be understood simpliciter or properly, but only
on the supposition that they are the case.
- The other party agrees about understanding; for it, they say,
occurs only through demonstration. But they argue that nothing prevents
there being demonstration of everything; for it is possible for the
demonstration to come about in a circle and reciprocally.
- But we say that neither
is all understanding demonstrative, but in the case of the immediates
it is non-demonstrable--and that this is necessary is evident; for if
it is necessary to understand the things which are prior and on which
the demonstration depends, and it comes to a stop at some time, it is
necessary for these immediates to be non-demonstrable. So as to that we
argue thus; and we also say that there is not only understanding but
also some principle of understnaidng by which we become familiar with
the definitions.
- And that it is impossible to demonstrate simpliciter in a circle is clear,
if demonstration must depend on what is prior and more familiar; for it
is impossible for the same things at the same time to be prior and
posterior to the same things...