Prior Analytics VI.4
141a23-141b
Whether, then, a man defines a thing correctly or incorrectly you
should examine on these and similar lines. But whether he has
mentioned and defined its essence or not, should be examined as
follows.
First of all, see if he has failed to make the definition through
terms that are prior and more familiar. For a definition is rendered
in order to come to know the term stated, and we come to know things
by taking not any random terms, but such as are prior and more
familiar, as is done in demonstrations (for so it is with all
teaching and learning); accordingly, it is clear that a man who does
not define things through terms of this kind has not defined at all.
Otherwise, there will be more than one definition of the same thing;
for clearly he who defines through terms that are prior and more
familiar has framed a better definition, so that both will then be
definitions of the same object. This sort of thing, however, does
not seem to be so; for of each entity there is a single essence; if,
then, there are to be a number of definitions of the same thing, the
object defined will be the same as the essences represented in each
of the definitions; but these are not the same, inasmuch as the
definitions are different. Clearly, then, any one who has not
defined a thing through terms that are prior and more familiar has
not defined it at all.
The statement that a definition has not been made through more
familiar terms may be understood in two ways either supposing that
its terms are without qualification less intelligible, or supposing
that they are less intelligible to us; for either way is possible.
Thus the prior without qualification is more familiar than the
posterior, a point, for instance, than a line, a line than a plane,
and a plane than a solid; just as a unit is more intelligible than a
number; for it is prior to and a principle of all number. Likewise,
also, a letter is more familiar than a syllable. Whereas to us it
sometimes happens that the converse is the case; for a solid falls
under perception most of all, and a plane more than a line, and a
line more than a point; for most people learn such things earlier;
for any ordinary intelligence can grasp them, whereas the others
require a precise and exceptional understanding.
Absolutely, then it is better to try to come to know what is
posterior through what is prior, inasmuch as such a way of procedure
is more scientific. Of course, in dealing with persons who cannot
recognize things through terms of that kind, it may perhaps be
necessary to frame the account through terms that are familiar to
them.