• Roller Chapter 3

• Chapter 1 covered the earliest evidence we have for what the Greeks thought the world looked like in terms of how big it was, who lived where, and how they got around the world (ships or via land)
• Roller constructs from the epics of the Trojan War as well as the Argonautica  and Hesiod a picture that the Greeks had little to no positive knowledge of the world beyond the Mediterranean and Black Seas: and they did not know the western Mediterranean at all well or the Black Sea well.
• Chapter 3 covers two related phenomena:
  
• the expansion of Greek positive knowledge
  
• the whole of the Mediterranean and Black Seas
• hinterlands: vague knowledge that is not "positive"
  
• of the Black Sea (trade routes along rivers going north and east)
  
• of Europe (the Amber trade route north to the Baltic)
• sub-saharan Africa
• beyond the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar) along the coasts of Africa and Spain (tin trade going north)
• hinterlands via other peoples: learned, literate peoples:
  
• Egyptians
• Phoenicians
• Persians
• the beginnings of the idea of "Geography" and "Ethnography": focused efforts to explain and describe the world's physical layout and human inhabitants
• Hecataeus
• only fragments left of his work, but enough to get an idea what it was about and what it covered.
• He was arguably the first 'geographer,' because he wrote the first general geographical treatise: a treatise whose point was to explain/record geographical material.
• Sure, others preceded, but they were writing expedition reports/stories/accounts: their approach and intention was not discipline-creating or within a certain discipline: Hecataeus was.
• Called Periegesis or Periodos  Ges
• perhaps he made a map: what kind of map and how accurate and whether we would call it a map are open questions: little evidence
• probably invented the idea of a meridian (the line where it is noon in all places on the line)
• Read the first lines of his work at end of Roller and compare that to the first lines of Herodotus!
  

MORE DETAILED NOTES ABOUT ROLLER CHAPTER 2 (this is what Bailly does when he reads something: first, he underlines and makes notes on the pages, then he takes notes from the underlining and notes: try it yourself, if you don't already do it).

• Colonization
• > 100 colonies established in 8thto 6th centuries BCE (The Archaic Age in Greece)
  
• trading colonies: even if they were not established for trade, that was a major important result of them
  
• often at rivers
• Massalia (Rhone) > Korbilon (Loire) and Emporion
  
• Spina (Po: in Italy)
• Black Sea
• Istros and Tomis (Danube)
• Olbia (Dnieper)
• Tanais (Don)
• Naukratis: trading colony up the Nile
• many prominent Greek intellectuals were said in later times to have spent time in Egypt: not clear whether they did or not, but Egyptian contact was important intellectually
  
• Al Mina: in the Levant on the Orontes
  
• many reasons for colonization
• ancients who lived long after said it was lack of land and overpopulation
  
• strife
• a drought on Thera lead to Kyrene colony
• politician who had caused strife might be encouraged to found a colony (the Spartan Phalanthos sent to found Taras)
• Expanded Greek geographical knowledge
• vague ideas about Alps and Pyrenees
• hinterlands: trade
  
• Some areas were not colonized, presumably because the people were hostile to it
• Etruscans in Italy
  
• Phoenicians in N. Africa and Spain
• Sources
• Ora Maritima
• v. difficult text, confusing, age is not clear etc. describes coast of Atlantic from Brittany to Massalia: it's a Roman text by Rufus Festus Avienus
• perhaps based on a Phocaian Periplous
• Travelers
• Aristeas: traveled hinterland of Black Sea far to the north, perhaps author of Arimaspeia
• Kolaios: blown off course from the Samos-Egypt run and went on out the Pillars of Hercules, came back with great trade goods: story told by Herodotus
• Midakritos: brought back tin from Kassiteris islands : one sentence in Pliny is all we have about him: Herodotus mentions the Kassiterides, and Strabo talks about them too
• Euthymenes: Massalians reportedly assigned him to explore south outside the Pillars of Hercules: got to a river with Hippos and Crocs (Senegal?)
• Skylax took part in a Persian exploraiton to the Indus and supposedly sailed back around to the Red Sea!: wrote a report (lost, of course): most later Geographers, except Strabo, knew nothing about him, and Strabo knew very little
  
• Persian geographical knowledge
• Some Greek cities had been subject to the Lydians: Persians conquered Lydians, and so those Greek cities became subject of Persians. Hence contact with Persian Empire.
• The Royal Road to the east into Persia became common knowledge to Greeks
• Persians were expanding: Cyrus captured Babylon 539 BCE:Massagetians killed Cyrus in 530 BCE: son Cambyses captured Egypt in 525 BCE: Cambyses' successor Darius sent an expedition east to India to explore, which filtered back to the Greeks. Darius also sent an expedition to the Skythians, which was accompanied by Greeks.