96
C. PLINIUS TRAIANO IMPERATORI
1 Sollemne est mihi, domine, omnia de quibus dubito ad te referre. Quis enim potest melius vel cunctationem meam regere vel ignorantiam instruere? Cognitionibus de Christianis interfui numquam: ideo nescio quid et quatenus aut puniri soleat aut quaeri. 2 Nec mediocriter haesitavi, sitne aliquod discrimen aetatum, an quamlibet teneri nihil a robustioribus differant; detur paenitentiae venia, an ei, qui omnino Christianus fuit, desisse non prosit; nomen ipsum, si flagitiis careat, an flagitia cohaerentia nomini puniantur. Interim, <in> iis qui ad me tamquam Christiani deferebantur, hunc sum secutus modum. 3 Interrogavi ipsos an essent Christiani. Confitentes iterum ac tertio interrogavi supplicium minatus; perseverantes duci iussi. Neque enim dubitabam, qualecumque esset quod faterentur, pertinaciam certe et inflexibilem obstinationem debere puniri. 4 Fuerunt alii similis amentiae, quos, quia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remittendos.
Mox ipso tractatu, ut fieri solet, diffundente se crimine plures species inciderunt. 5 Propositus est libellus sine auctore multorum nomina continens. Qui negabant esse se Christianos aut fuisse, cum praeeunte me deos appellarent et imagini tuae, quam propter hoc iusseram cum simulacris numinum afferri, ture ac vino supplicarent, praeterea male dicerent Christo, quorum nihil cogi posse dicuntur qui sunt re vera Christiani, dimittendos putavi. 6 Alii ab indice nominati esse se Christianos dixerunt et mox negaverunt; fuisse quidem sed desisse, quidam ante triennium, quidam ante plures annos, non nemo etiam ante viginti. <Hi> quoque omnes et imaginem tuam deorumque simulacra venerati sunt et Christo male dixerunt. 7 Affirmabant autem hanc fuisse summam vel culpae suae vel erroris, quod essent soliti stato die ante lucem convenire, carmenque Christo quasi deo dicere secum invicem seque sacramento non in scelus aliquod obstringere, sed ne furta ne latrocinia ne adulteria committerent, ne fidem fallerent, ne depositum appellati abnegarent. Quibus peractis morem sibi discedendi fuisse rursusque coeundi ad capiendum cibum, promiscuum tamen et innoxium; quod ipsum facere desisse post edictum meum, quo secundum mandata tua hetaerias esse vetueram. 8 Quo magis necessarium credidi ex duabus ancillis, quae ministrae dicebantur, quid esset veri, et per tormenta quaerere. Nihil aliud inveni quam superstitionem pravam et immodicam.
9 Ideo dilata cognitione ad consulendum te decucurri. Visa est enim mihi res digna consultatione, maxime propter periclitantium numerum. Multi enim omnis aetatis, omnis ordinis, utriusque sexus etiam vocantur in periculum et vocabuntur. Neque civitates tantum, sed vicos etiam atque agros superstitionis istius contagio pervagata est; quae videtur sisti et corrigi posse. 10 Certe satis constat prope iam desolata templa coepisse celebrari, et sacra sollemnia diu intermissa repeti passimque venire <carnem> victimarum, cuius adhuc rarissimus emptor inveniebatur. Ex quo facile est opinari, quae turba hominum emendari possit, si sit paenitentiae locus.
97
TRAIANUS PLINIO
Actum quem debuisti, mi
Secunde, in excutiendis causis eorum, qui Christiani ad te delati
fuerant, secutus es. Neque enim in universum aliquid, quod quasi
certam formam habeat, constitui potest. Conquirendi non sunt; si deferantur et arguantur,
puniendi sunt, ita tamen ut, qui negaverit se Christianum esse
idque re ipsa manifestum fecerit, id est supplicando dis nostris,
quamvis suspectus in praeteritum, veniam ex paenitentia impetret.
Sine auctore vero propositi libelli <in> nullo crimine locum
habere debent. Nam et pessimi exempli nec nostri saeculi est.
Commentary
N.B. Indentation is used to reveal the syntactic structure of
the text. Each clause is given its own bullet point. Each level of
indentation represents a level of subordination. Sometimes, as in
the case of parentheses, the level of subordination is a bit
arbitrary: parentheses are not syntactically related to the
sentence and hence not subordinate to anything. Sometimes a clause
is interrupted by another clause, in which case the original Latin
word order is retained and ellipses ("...") indicate the
interruption and resumption of the clause. Some things counted as
"clauses" here may not seem to you to be clauses (indirect speech
acc. + inf. is listed as a separate clause from the verb that
introduces it; complementary infinitives are not listed as
separate clauses; ablative absolutes are listed as separate
clauses; etc.).
Sollemne: adjectives modify a noun or occur on their own
as substantives. Cf. sacra sollemnia in the next-to-last
sentence of this letter. | referre: infinitives are verbal
nouns: predicate nominative.
melius: comparative adverb, the same form as the neuter
accusative singular of the comparative adjective.
interfui: takes dative. | soleat: indirect
question. The subject of soleat is the generic and
indefinite "one" as in "One does well to learn Latin and Greek" (A&G
§318b). | puniri ... quaeri: complementary infinitives.
sitne ... an ... differant; detur ... an ... prosit ...
puniantur: -ne indicates that this clause is
interrogative. Subjunctives in indirect question. Present in
primary sequence (haesitavi). an introduces an
'alternative' or 'disjunctive' indirect question. | quamlibet:
quamlibet teneri = quam teneri libet ("how(ever)
young it pleases"), but for all practical purposes, quamlibet
is an adverb meaning "however" as in "however young they are, they
are still criminals."
in iis: prepositional phrases usually function as adverbs
or adjectives: this one modifies sum secutus. in
does not always mean "in." The pointy brackets indicate that the
modern editor who put in there believes it is necessary,
but the editor's confidence falls short of the certainty that
would be needed to simply print it as the text (e.g. it might lack
any manuscript evidence and/or it might be possible for the text
to make sense without it). | modum: a multi-purpose word
which can be translated in many ways.
an essent: why subjunctive? Why imperfect? |
Confitentes ... perseverantes: circumstantial
participles come in various flavors: causal, concessive, temporal,
instrumental, conditional. Which are these? | duci:
sometimes a word has a "pregnant" meaning, by which is meant that
it has some additional aspect that doesn't seem to really belong
to the verb. duci here is a legal technical term meaning
"lead (off to prison, court, vel sim."
qualecumque esset: a relative clause can take the
place of a protasis: A&G §519: compare English "If
anyone confesses, ..." which is at times interchangeable with
"Whatever someone confesses, ... ." Here, the imperfect
subjunctive is used in the protasis, and the imperfect indicative
is used in the apodosis to form a general condition, a
construction of later Latin (A&G §518c and §520.3).
| quod: the antecedent of quod is qualecumque.
| faterentur: all subordinate clauses that are an actual
part of indirect speech are subjunctive: apparent exceptions
involve an author who is inserting a clause on the author's
authority that would not form part of the "original" direct
speech. | debere puniri: indirect speech debere
dependent on dubitabam. puniri complementary infinitive
dependent on debere.
similis amentiae: genitive of description. |
quos ... remittendos: adnoto/annoto takes two
accusatives, just as "I call you a student" has a double direct
object. | in urbem: in + acc. often means
"into ____" while in + abl. means "in ____."
ut fieri solet: ut + indicative often introduces a
"comparative clause" in which ut means "as" or "just as."
Qui: the antecedent is the unexpressed direct object of putavi,
which dimmittendos modifies. | cum ... appellarent et
... supplicarent, praetera ... dicerent: cum
circumstantial (3 causal ones here) clauses takes subjunctive.
| male dicerent Christo: male dico is sometimes
printed as a compound verb maledico, as benedico usually
is: it takes dative. | quorum nihil cogi posse dicuntur: quorum
is partitive genitive dependent on nihil, and quorum
refers to all the things that precede, which are considered tests
for whether one is a Christian. nihil is the object of cogi,
itself an infinitive, and cogi is dependent on the
infinitive posse. dicuntur takes the
complementary infinitive posse: dico only takes a
complementary infinitive in the passive. In the active, dico
takes acc. + inf. (quite logically, active eum hoc facere dico
becomes passive is hoc facere dicitur). | dicuntur qui:
the unexpressed subject of dicuntur is the antecedent of qui:
Christiani is predicate nominative. | re vera: abl.
of "specification" (A&G §418). | dimittendos putavi:
fully expressed, this would be eos dimittendos esse putavi:
in other words dimittendos putavi is putavi +
acc. + inf. in indirect speech.
Sherwin-White notes that the claim of some ex-Christians to have
given up Christianity 3 years ago, several years ago, or 20 years
ago implies that there had been prosecutions previously.
The syntax of this sentence requires one to understand a subject
for fuisse and desisse (= desiisse, from desino)
and also a reason for there to be infinitves there at all: the
need for a reason for the infinitives requires us to understand
something like dixerunt in the subsequent quidam
clauses as the verb of which the nominative quidam is the
subject and on which the infinitives fuisse and desisse
depend. | desisse: = desiisse, from desino.
| ante triennium ... ante plures annos ... ante viginti:
although these prepositional phrases occur in the clauses with quidam
dixerunt or non nemo dixit, they must modify fuisse
quidem sed desisse: it makes questionable sense to claim
that some people said three, many, or 20 years ago that they had
been Christians but quit: they must have said that they were
Christians that long ago. | non nemo: litotes.
et ... et ...: "both ... and ... ."
Sherwin-White (702) points out that the following sentences
provide a rare and overlooked source for Christian rites of the
time: a pre-dawn gathering on an appointed day, singing to Christ
as a god, and an oath not to do certain wrongs (possibly an oath
to obey the 10 commandments vel sim.). Note that Pliny
seems to be reporting these details as if he did not know them
previously (hence non in scelus aliquod, which makes sense
if Pliny expects a persecuted sect to be doing something
nefarious). The next sentence reports a later gathering to eat
(possibly the Eucharist?).
quod essent soliti ...: this quod "the fact that"
clause is a "substantive clause," which means it can perform the
function of a noun (here it is in apposition to summam) (A&G
§572): such clauses usually have indicative verbs, but this one is
in indirect speech and is an integral part of the indirect speech,
and so it takes the subjunctive following the pattern of
subordinate clauses that are part of indirect speech. |
obstringere... ne ...: ne (or quominus) +
subjunctive is the norm after a verb of hindering such as obstringere,
if that verb of hindering is not negated or interrogative (A&G
558b). | non in scelus aliquod: depends on obstringere.
Note that it is predicative to obstringere just as the ne
clauses are, and so does not count as negating obstringere
(negated verbs of hindering do not normally take ne:
they take quin or quominus clauses).
Continued indirect speech from the previous sentence.
Quibus peractis: quibus is a linking
relative, which means that 1) its antecedent is in the previous
sentence, and 2) it does not introduce a relative clause that is
subordinate. Such linking relatives are frequently the first word
in their sentences. This one is in an ablative absolute. | sibi:
dative of possession dependent on morem. | discedendi
... coeundi: genitive gerunds. Genitive of material
(so-called because of phrases such as "a ring of gold"
where the gold is the material of the ring: here the dispersing
and reassembling is the habit). | ad capiendum cibum: ad
+ gerundive phrase is frequently used to express purpose. |
quod ipsum: a linking relative referring back to some aspect
of or the whole of the Christians' habit of dispersing and
reassembling for a shared meal. There is a dispute as to whether
just the lapsed Christians ceased to do it, in which case quod
ipsum refers to the entirety of the practices reported here,
or whether Christians in general are reported here to have given
up the habit of getting together in the evening for food (the
Eucharist?) and perhaps did it at a morning ritual, in which case
this is evidence for a change of liturgical practice. The language
of the passage does not decide the issue. | se: this word
is evidently found in the manuscripts: hence the editor reports
it, but the editor signifies that the word is not necessary and
that the editor does not think it was in the original by putting
it in parentheses (but the editor is nonetheless not confident
enough to simply omit it). | secundum: a preposition
taking an acc. object.
Whereas it was normal procedure to torture slaves to get truth,
this passage presents it as normal to torture free people as well,
although et may be somewhat defensive (see note).
necessarium: sc. esse, indirect statement
dependent on credidi: the infinitive phrase et per
tormenta quaerere is the subject of esse.
| ancillis: probably translates a Greek word for deaconess.
| quid esset veri: words such as quid (and satis,
nihil, aliquid etc.) take a partitive genitive where English
has an adjective plus noun/pronoun (e.g. nihil boni =
"nothing good" in English). Indirect question dependent on quaerere.
| et ... quaerere: although et often means
"and," here it cannot, because there are not two elements to
connect with "and." Meaning "even" makes et somewhat
defensive of the torturing of the deaconesses: why say "even" if
it is not unusual?
Pliny calls the superstitio which he finds among the
Christians prava and immodica: these terms do not
seem to be meant so much morally as to characterize the Christians
as extreme in that they do not follow normal practice of giving
other gods their due.
pravam: this word can carry moral tones, but perhaps it
need not. Here it seems to mean "irregular," because Pliny has
just reported that what he found out about Christian practices
involves nothing harmful, far from it, it involves resolve to
avoid doing wrong.
ad consulendum te: ad + gerundive is one of
several ways to express purpose. While consulo frequently
takes a dative, when it does so, it means "consult the interest
of" or "take care of": here it is transitive and means "consult,"
"ask advice of."
consultatione: dignus, -a, -um can take an
ablative.
Pliny reports that not only are all manner of people called to
the Christian sect, but they will be called: he thinks the
sect will not be stamped out unless something is done.
Pliny now compares Christianity to a pollution, a contagio,
one which can infect whole cities and also the folk in the
countryside, but a stoppable, correctable one.
Christianity had made such inroads that throngs at the temples
and
the rites performed there were reduced, and the sacrificial meat
was hard to sell, but Pliny reports that that has begun to turn
around.
constat: a quasi-impersonal verb. It is "quasi-impersonal"
because the infinitive clauses which follow are technically its
subjects. Although a good English translation of te bonum
hominem esse constat is "It is
evident/established that you are a good person," one could
translate just as well "That you are good person is evident." |
coepisse ... repeti ... venire ...: infinitive subjects of constat.
Each itself has an accusative subject.
in excutiendis causis eorum: excutiendis is a
gerundive modifying ablative causis that is the object of
preposition and also has a possessive genitive dependent on it.
in universum: this prepositional phrase adverbially
modifies the passive infinitive constitui. | quod quasi
certam formam habeat: a relative clause of characteristic,
in this case a purpose clause: quod is the direct object
of habeat and has aliquid as its antecedent. quasi
applies to certam. The subject of habeat is
an indefinite generic "one" as in "One really ought to learn
ancient Greek."
Trajan instructs Pliny not to seek out Christians expressly for
prosecution, but to prosecute those who do come to his attention
if they do not reject Christianity and worship pagan gods. A
"don't ask, but prosecute if told" policy.
Conquirendi sunt and puniendi sunt:
passive periphrastic conjugation. | si deferantur et arguantur:
present subjunctive in protasis of a mixed condition. |
ita tamen ut ... impetret: ita prepares for the
limiting result clause ut impetret (A&G
§537.2b). That result clause has a subordinate relative
clause (which itself has indirect speech dependent on it) as well
as a an id est parenthetical phrase. | idque re ipsa
manifestum fecerit: id is the direct object of fecerit
and refers to the whole idea of the clause preceding (someone's
denial of Christianity): this clause is a continuation of qui
negaverit preceding it. | id est supplicando dis nostris:
id est, equivalent to "namely" or "that is to say," does
not affect the syntax around it, but rather it precedes and
introduces a new restatement or a new addition to what came before
it in such a way that the new element fits with the syntax of what
preceded id est. | supplicando: an ablative
gerund, ablative of means. supplico takes dative. |
quamvis suspectus: here, quamvis does not introduce
a full concessive clause (if it did have an explicit verb, it
would take indicative or subjunctive in later Latin such as
Pliny's: in earlier Latin, it took subjunctive mostly). Rather, it
applies to suspectus in praeteritum.
vero: conjunction, 'but.' Not an adjective. | et
pessimi exempli nec nostri saeculi: et ... nec "both
... and not ...." pessimi exempli and nostri saeculi
are predicate genitives of characteristic.
Vocabulary
abnego (1), deny
actum, -i, n., decree, procedure, act
adfero, adferre, attuli, allatus, bring, bring forth
adfirmo (1), affirm, claim
adhuc, up to that/this point
adnoto (1), see annoto
annoto (1), designate, note down (x) as (y) (takes two
accusatives)
adpello (1), call on, invoke; call on (for
payment, for return of something)
adulterium, -i, n., adultery
aetas, -atis, f., age
ager, agri, m., field
amentia, -ae, f., insanity,
an, introduces
an indirect question or a second disjunctive indirect question
ancilla, -ae, f., female servant, female slave
ante (+acc.), before (ante annum can mean "a
year ago" "a year before")
arguo, arguere, argui, argutum, make clear,
prove
auctor, auctoris, m., author, authority
autem, however
careo, carere, carui, caritum, lack (+ abl.)
carmen, carminis, n., song, chant
caro, carnis, f., flesh, meat
causa, -ae, f., legal case
celebro (1), to frequent, to fill
certus, -a, -um, certain, definite
cibus, -i, m., food
ciuis, civis, citizen
ciuitas, -atis, f., city
coeo, coire, coi(v)i, come together
coepio, coepere, coepi, coeptum, begin
cognitio, -onis, f., knowledge; inquiry, trial,
examination
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, force, coerce
committo, committere, commisi, commissum,
engage in, perpetrare, commit
confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum, admit,
confess
conquiro, conquirere, conquisivi, conquisitum,
seek out, search for
constat, it is settled, it is established, it
is certain
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum,
establish
consulo, consulere, consului, consultum, ask
(someone) for advice, consult (+ acc.); take care of, look out
for (+ dat.)
consultatio, -onis, f., deliberation,
consideration, consultation
contagio, -onis, f., infection, contagion
contineo, continere, continui, contentum,
contain
convenio, conuenire,, conveni, conventum,
assemble, come together
corrigo, corrigere, correxi, correctum,
improve, correct, reform
crimen, criminis, n., crime
culpa, culpae, f., guilt
cunctatio, -onis, f., hesitation, wavering
debeo, debere, debui, debitum, ought
decurro, decurrere, decucurri, decursum, have
recourse to
defero, deferre, detuli, delatum, accuse,
impeach, indict
depositum, -i, n., deposit, trust (anything put
into one's trust)
desino, desinere, desivi, desitum, cease, stop
desolo (1), forsake
differo, differre, distuli, dilatus, defer, put
off, delay
diffundo, diffundere, diffusi, diffusus, spread
dignus, -a, -um, worthy of (+ abl.)
dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum, send
away, dismiss
discedo, discedere, discedi, discessum,
depart
discrimen, -inis, n., difference
diu, a long time
dominus, -i, m., lord, master
dubito (1), hesitate; have doubts, doubt
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead (off to
prison, to court, vel sim.:
as a legal technical term)
edictum, -i, n., decree
emendo (1), correct, improve
emptor, emptoris, m., buyer, taker
enim, for, since
error, erroris, m., error, transgression
etiam, even; also
excutio, excutere, excussi, excussum,
investigate, search
exemplum, -i, n., model, example
fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, not fulfill
(e.g. one's word), betray (e.g. an oath), deceive
fateor, fateri, fassus, acknowledge, admit,
confess (synonymous with confiteor)
fides, -ei, f., trust, good faith, honesty
flagitium, -i, n., shameful act, shameful deed
forma, -ae, f., nature, kind, appearance
furtum, -i, n., theft, robbery, deceit
haesito (1), hesitate, be uncertain
hetaeria, -ae, f., brotherhood, fraternity
iam, at the time, now, then, already
ideo, therefore, for that reason
imago, imaginis, f., image
immodicus, -a, -um, immoderate, excessive
impetro (1), obtain, get
incido, incidere, incidi, incasum, happen,
occur
index, -icis, m., witness, informer
inflexibilis, -e, unbending, inflexible
innoxius, -a, -um, harmless, innocent
instruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum,
instruct
interim, meanwhile
intermitto, intermittere, intermisi,
intermissum, interrupt, suspend
Interrogo (1), question
intersum, interesse, interfui, take part in,
attend (+ dat.)
inuenio, invenire, inveni, inventum, find
inuicem, in turn, by turns, one after another
iterum, again, a second time
iubeo, iubere, iussi, issus, order, command
latrocinium, -i, n., freebooting, robbery,
fraud
libellus, -i, m., booklet, notebook
locus, -i, m., opportunity, occasion; place
lux, lucis, m., light, daylight
male dico or maledico, slander, speak ill
of, insult (takes dat.)
mandatum, -i, n., charge, injunction, command
manifestus, -a, -um, clear, apparent, evident
maxime, especially
mediocriter, moderately, ordinarily
ministra, -ae, f., female attendant, assistant
(at a religious rite)
minor (1), threaten
modus, -i, m., way, manner
mos, moris, m., habit
mox, presently, directly
nescio, nescire, nescivi, not know, be ignorant
nihil, adv., not at all
nomen, nominis, n., name
nomino (1), name
numen, numinis, n., godhead, divinity
numquam, never
obstinatio, -onis, f., steadfastness, obstinacy
obstringo, obstringere, obstrinxi, obstrictum,
bind, lay under an obligation
omnino, at all, in general
opinor (1), opine, believe
ordo, ordinis, m., rank, station
paenitentia, -ae, f., penitence, repentance
passim, far and wide, here and there,
everywhere
perago, peragere peregi, peractum, accomplish,
complete
periclitor (1), be in danger
periculum, -i, n., danger
perseuero (1), persevere, continue steadfastly
pertinacia, -ae, f., stubbornness
peruagor (1), wander over, range through
pessimus, -a, -um, worst
plures, plura, pl., more
praeeo, praeire, praei(v)i, lead the way,
dictate the formula, lead
praeterea, moreover, besides
praetereo, praeterire, praeteri(v)i,
praeteritus, go past, go by
praeteritus, -a, -um, past, gone
prauus, -a, -um, depraved, perverted
promiscuus, -a, -um, common, usual (later Latin)
prope, almost
propono, proponere, proposui, propositus,
publish, make known, reveal
propter (+acc.), on account of, because of
prosum, prodesse, profui, be advantageous,
benefit (+dat.)
punio, punire, punivi, punitum, punish, inflict
punishment upon
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum, inquire,
ask
qualiscumque, qualecumque, whatever (in the
world)
quamlibet, adv., however, howsoever, as
quamuis, although
quasi, as, as if
quatenus, to what extent? how far? to what
point?
quid, how? to what extent? in what respect?
rarus, -a, -um, rare
re uera, truly, in reality
refero, referre, rettuli, relatus, refer, bring
X (acc.) to Y (dat. of person)
rego, regere, rexi, rectum, direct, govern,
rule, keep straight
remitto, remittere, remisi, remissus, send
back, return
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum, resume,
renew
robustus, -a, -um, firm, solid, strong
rursus, again
sacramentum, -i, n., oath, sacrament
sacrus, -a, -um, holy, sacred
saeculum, -i, n., age, generation; reign,
lifetime (of a ruler)
satis, sufficiently, enough
scelus, sceleris, n., crime
secundum (+acc.), according to
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow
sexus, sexus, m., sex
simulacrum, -i, n., image effigy, likeness
sine (+ abl.), without
sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, stop, cause to
stand still
soleo, solere, solui, solitum, be used (+inf.),
be accustomed (+inf.)
sollemne, -i, n., solemn rite
species, -ei, f., appearance, manifestation
status, -a, -um, perf. pass. part. of stare, set, established
sto, stare, steti, status, stand
summa, -ae, f., the sum, the totality, the
whole
superstitio, -onis, f., religion, religious
beliefs
supplicium, -i, n., punishment, penalty,
torture, pain
supplico (1), supplicate, pray to, beseech
suspectus, -a, -um, suspected (perf. pass.
part. of suspicio)
tamquam, as, as if
tantum, adv., only
templum, -i, n., sacred place; temple
tener, tenera, tenerum, delicate, tender; of
tender age
tertio, for a third time
tormentum, -i, n., torture instrument, rack
tractatus, -us, m., handling, treatment
triennium, -i, n., three years time
turba, -ae, f., crowd
tus, turis, n., incense
uel ..., vel ..., either ..., or ... .
ueneror (1), venerate, worship
uenia, -ae, f., indulgence, mercy
uero, but
uictima, -ae, f., sacrificial victim
uicus, -i, m., village
uiginti, twenty
uinum, -i, n., wine
uniuersus, -a, -um, whole, entire, taken
collectively; in universum
"generally"
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each, both
veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, forbid, prohibit