Pliny II.14

Commentary by Dan Houston, revised by J. Bailly

Introduction

Pliny complains about the poor quality of young lawyers. They pay for their applause, and the centumviral court has deteriorated as a result. The addressee is "Maximus," a common cognomen, and more is not known about this addressee. Eight other letters of Pliny are also addressed to a simple "Maximus" (III.2, VI.11, VI.34, VII.26, VII.19, VIII.24, IX.1, and IX.23) and others are addressed to Messius Maximus (III.20 and IV.25) and Novius Maximus (IV.20 and V.5), but it is not clear whether this Maximus is identical to any of those.

Text:

C. PLINIUS MAXIMO SUO S.

1 Verum opinaris: distringor centumviralibus causis, quae me exercent magis quam delectant. Sunt enim pleraeque parvae et exiles; raro incidit vel personarum claritate vel negotii magnitudine insignis. 2 Ad hoc pauci cum quibus iuvet dicere; ceteri audaces atque etiam magna ex parte adulescentuli obscuri ad declamandum huc transierunt, tam irreverenter et temere, ut mihi Atilius noster expresse dixisse videatur, sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari, ut ab Homero in scholis. Nam hic quoque ut illic primum coepit esse quod maximum est. 3 At hercule ante memoriam meam - ita maiores natu solent dicere -, ne nobilissimis quidem adulescentibus locus erat nisi aliquo consulari producente: tanta veneratione pulcherrimum opus colebatur. 4 Nunc refractis pudoris et reverentiae claustris, omnia patent omnibus, nec inducuntur sed irrumpunt. Sequuntur auditores actoribus similes, conducti et redempti. Manceps convenitur; in media basilica tam palam sportulae quam in triclinio dantur; ex iudicio in iudicium pari mercede transitur. 5 Inde iam non inurbane 'Σοφοκλεῖς' vocantur 'ἀπὸ τοῦ σοφῶς καὶ καλεῖσθαι', isdem Latinum nomen impositum est Laudiceni; 6 et tamen crescit in dies foeditas utraque lingua notata. Here duo nomenclatores mei - habent sane aetatem eorum qui nuper togas sumpserint - ternis denariis ad laudandum trahebantur. Tanti constat ut sis disertissimus. Hoc pretio quamlibet numerosa subsellia implentur, hoc ingens corona colligitur, hoc infiniti clamores commoventur, cum mesochorus dedit signum. 7 Opus est enim signo apud non intellegentes, ne audientes quidem; 8 nam plerique non audiunt, nec ulli magis laudant. Si quando transibis per basilicam et voles scire, quo modo quisque dicat, nihil est quod tribunal ascendas, nihil quod praebeas aurem; facilis divinatio: scito eum pessime dicere, qui laudabitur maxime.
9 Primus hunc audiendi morem induxit Larcius Licinus, hactenus tamen ut auditores corrogaret. Ita certe ex Quintiliano praeceptore meo audisse me memini. 10 Narrabat ille: 'Assectabar Domitium Afrum. Cum apud centumviros diceret graviter et lente - hoc enim illi actionis genus erat -, audit ex proximo immodicum insolitumque clamorem. Admiratus reticuit; ubi silentium factum est, repetit quod abruperat. 11 Iterum clamor, iterum reticuit, et post silentium coepit. Idem tertio. Novissime quis diceret quaesiit. Responsum est: "Licinus." Tum intermissa causa "Centumviri," inquit, "hoc artificium periit."' 12 Quod alioqui perire incipiebat cum perisse Afro videretur, nunc vero prope funditus exstinctum et eversum est. Pudet referre quae quam fracta pronuntiatione dicantur, quibus quam teneris clamoribus excipiantur. 13 Plausus tantum ac potius sola cymbala et tympana illis canticis desunt: ululatus quidem - neque enim alio vocabulo potest exprimi theatris quoque indecora laudatio - large supersunt. 14 Nos tamen adhuc et utilitas amicorum et ratio aetatis moratur ac retinet; veremur enim ne forte non has indignitates reliquisse, sed laborem fugisse videamur. Sumus tamen solito rariores, quod initium est gradatim desinendi. Vale.

Text is from www.thelatinlibrary.com, as submitted by Hansulrich Guhl (Frauenfeld, Switzerland) from an unidentified edition. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Other changes may have been made by Jacques Bailly. Consult a critical edition for authoritative information, including manuscript evidence and text history, etc.

Commentary

References:
1
opinaris: present indicative in a statement of fact (437).
centumviralibus causis: ablatives of means or instrument, (408). The centumviral court existed since the early Republic as a court of about 100 members, but kept its name after being enlarged to 180 (Pliny letter 6.33). The cases were apparently mostly inheritance cases of public interest.
quae: feminine nominative plural, subject of both exercent and delectant. Antecedent is causis.
me: direct object of both exercent and delectant.
magis quam: magis modifies exercent; quam is comparative "than."
pleraeque parvae et exiles: all nominative predicates of sunt (whose subject is an understood causae). The "-que" here is, unusally, a permanent part of the word rather than "and."
incidit: insignis is nominative singular (note the transition from plural - pleraeque parvae et exiles – to singular); claritate and magnitudine are ablatives of qualtity with genitive modifiers, (415).

2
ad hoc: "in addition," "moreover."
pauci: predicate nominative: “(select) few” or “elite.” Understand an impersonal sunt here.
iuvet: subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic.
dicere: the infinitive as subject of the impersonal verb iuvet (454).
magna ex parte: ablative with the preposition ex. Pars is found in many idioms, just as English "part" is: this idiomatic phrase means "for the most part."
adulescentuli obscuri: ironic: Pliny himself was a novus homo, not a highly pedigreed man.
ad declamandum: the accusative gerund with ad is one of several normal constructions for a purpose clause (506).
transierunt: perfect indicative.
tam irreventer et temere: tam is an adverb modifying irreventer and temere and is correlative with the following result clause introduced by ut, (537 note 2). What do irreventer and temere modify?
ut…videatur: a result clause: videatur is the main verb (present subjunctive) used personally (Atlilius is the subject). dixisse is a perfect infinitive depending on videatur; it denotes a prior action.  expresse: an adverb used of various artistic things, here meaning "aptly, vividly" – for more detail about this word, see Prichard and Bernard ad loc.
sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari, ut ab Homero in scholis: this is a bon mot uttered by Atilius Crescens, a friend of Pliny's since childhood and a wit (see letter VI.8). The whole saying is put into indirect speech dependent on dixisse.
sic: a demonstrative adverb modifying auspicari, correlative with the following ut, (323g). Translate only the ut: "as."
pueros: subject of auspicari.
auspicari: (deponent) the main verb in indirect speech, meaning "begin."
a centumviralibus causis: an ablative of source, (403); likewise ab Homero. We say "to begin with" or "to begin from" where Pliny says "auspicari ab."
ut: "as," "just as."
Nam hic quoque ut illic primum coepit esse quod maximum est.

3
natu: ablative of specification (418).
dicere: infinitive dependent on solent.
ne…quidem: "ne x quidem" would mean "not even x": ne and quidem surround the thing emphasized (322f). Do not think of ne and quidem as independent words with their usual meanings, in other words. When they occur before and after something, they form a unit meaning "not even . . .."
nisi: introduces the protasis of an irregular condition (521), whose protasis is the ablative absolute aliquo consulari producente.
pulcherrimum opus: namely, oratory in the law courts. opus can mean "profession, occupation."

4
refractis…claustris: an ablative absolute. The genitives pudoris and reverentiae go with claustris.
nec: means either "and ... not" (as here) or "neither."
inducuntur: Pliny means that rather than being introduced by some older, more experienced lawyer, they just burst into court.
similes: nominative plural, it takes a dative, actoribus (385.2).
manceps: the "agent" of the hired audience.
conducti et redempti: perfect passive participles agreeing with auditors.
convenitur: present indicative passive ( Note the passives to follow: dantur, transitur.
in media basilica: the basilica Julia was the location of the centumviral courts. Pliny emphasizes that this shameful transaction occurred right out in public.
tam: demonstrative adverb, correlative with quam (323g).
dantur: present indicative passive, the subject is sportulae.
ex iudicio in iudicium: these hired audiences go from one to the next and get paid each time, Pliny claims.
pari mercede: ablative of price (416).

5
Σοφοκλεῖς: "σοφῶς" was the equivalent of "bravo." Thus while this Greek word is the plural of the name Sophocles (the playwright), it also means "bravo-callers," as ἀπὸ τοῦ σοφῶς καὶ καλεῖσθαι indicates (it means "from the words σοφῶς [bravo] and καλεῖσθαι [to call out]").
isdem: dat. pl. of idem.
Laudiceni: from laus and cena (praise and dinner), because they praise for their dinner. Laudiceni is also supposedly another name for the Laodiceans. Pliny may be trying to make a pun in Latin. It is a bit lame and "too clever," because Sophocles has as little to do with paying an audience as the Laodiceans do. Laudiceni should perhaps be put into quotation marks: it stands in apposition to nomen.

6
foeditas utraque lingua notata: notata modifies foeditas, while utraque lingua is ablative of means: both the Greek and Latin name for the hired audience members reveal their baseness.
nomenclatores: slaves who reminded one of names and positions of anyone one met. They had to be intelligent.
sumpserint: subjunctive in relative clause of characteristic – the nomenclatores were slaves, not citizens, and so would not wear togas.
ternis denariis: ablative of price (416).
ad laudandum: another gerund in a purpose clause (506).
tanti: genitive of value (417).
sis: subjunctive in a purpose clause.
hoc pretio: abl. of price. Hoc is repeated three times in anaphora, each time as an ablative of price, but in the second and third instance, pretio is omitted.
quamlibet: modifies numerosa.
subsellia: nominative (neuter plural).
implentur and colligitur and commoventur: present indicative passive.
cum: temporal "once." Note the perfect indicative dedit referring to a present state, "has given."

7
opus est: takes the ablative (411).
intellegentes and audientes: participles used as substantives. The next sentence explains audientes.
ne…quidem: if you don't know how this works, see above.

8
audiunt: audio can mean either "listen" (as here) or "hear."
si quando…aurem: the structure follows:
facilis divinatio: est is omitted (319b).
scito: future imperative (449). No discernible difference in meaning from the present imperative.
eum pessime dicere: indirect discourse after scito.
laudabitur: future indicative, contemporary with scito.

9
audiendi: a gerundive in the genitive that depends on morem.
Larcius Licinus: mentions of him are as follows: this mention of him, one in III.V.17 (the Elder Pliny is said to have claimed that he could have sold his notebooks to Larcius Licinus, who was Procurator in Spain, for 400,000 sesterces), two mentions in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (19.35 and 31.24), and Aulus Gellius 17.1 (Larcius Licinus wrote a Ciceromastix which criticised Cicero's oratory).
hactenus tamen ut . . . : hactenus ut means "only up to the point that . . .."
ut…corrogaret: a purpose clause – corrogaret is imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence after induxit.
ex Quintiliano praeceptore meo: Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, aka "Quintilian," (40-90's CE) was a famous lawyer and teacher of rhetoric who wrote the de Institutione Oratoria Libri XII. From this section, Scholars infer that Quintilian was not alive at the time of the writing of this letter. Because this is the earliest reference to him as dead, this letter is the terminus ante quem for Quintilian's death.
memini: introduces indirect discourse.

10
assectabar: deponent.
Domitium Afrum: Gnaeus Domitius Afer, who died in 59 CE, was a renowned orater in his day.
diceret: subjunctive in a cum temporal clause denoting past time.
illi: a dative of possession (373).
proximo: perhaps supply a noun such as "iudicio," "court," or simply "from nearby" (OLD proximus 2 lists ex proximo as "from nearby").
admiratus: "admire" is not what this means, as the context makes clear later. It is rather a negative holding of Domitius Afer's attention.
silentium: nominative neuter.
abruperat: pluperfect indicative. Normally transitive, this verb is used intransitively here: it is easy enough to supply "his speech" as the object, however.

11
iterum clamor, iterum reticuit, et post silentium coepit: a tricolon. Supply an appropriate verb with clamor.
idem: refers to the shouting then silence. Supply an appropriate verb.
tertio: "a third time."
novissime: temporal adverb, "eventually," "in the end."
diceret: subjunctive in an indirect question; imperfect in secondary sequence after quaesiit.
intermissa causa: ablative absolute.
centumviri: vocative, (340).
periit: a perfect definite (473).

12
perire: complimentary infinitive with incipiebat.
incipiebat: perhaps an inceptive imperfect "was just beginning" (471c).
cum: cum temporal "when," referring to the past, can take the subjunctive.
perisse: perfect infinitive depending on, and denoting a time prior to, videretur.
Afro: Domitius Afer, referred to above
prope: modifies funditus.
pudet referre: the infinitive referre is really the subject of the "impersonal" pudet (454).
quam: introduces an indirect question, (573).
fracta pronuntiatione: ablatives of quality (415). Refers to a style of oratory which evidently used vocal techniques (perhaps falsetto, accent, and other histrionic or "over-the-top" techniques).
quae quam and quibus quam: rhetorically contrived. quam is adverbial "how" in each case, modifying fracta and teneris. Quam is also probably interrogative, which makes this a doubly determined subjunctive clause (quae and quibus already determine it : see next comment).
dicantur and excipiantur: present passive subjunctives in clauses that are either relative clauses of characteristic or indirect questions (depending on whether one takes quae and quibus as interrogatives or relatives): the translation is much the same in either case.

13
plausus…desunt: plausus and sola cymbala are nom. pl., the main verb is desunt, and desunt takes dative illis canticis (373b). These are the trappings of the cult of Cybele, whose eunuch worshippers were notorious revelers.
tantum: adverbial "only."
ac potius: a phrase used to correct or emend a statement: "or rather."
ululatus quidem large supersunt: the main sentence.
neque…laudatio: the subject is laudatio, whose verb is potest, which takes the complementary infinitive (passive in this case) exprimi. alio vocabulo is an ablative of instrument (408); and theatris is ablative of place where (426) and should be taken closely with indecora. indecora is a predicate adjective, feminine nominative singular, modifying laudatio. quoque 'even' is an adverb modifying theatris.

14
nos…retinet: utilitas and ratio are the subjects; amicorum and aetatis are genitives limiting the subjects; nos (referring to Pliny) is the direct object, and moratur (deponent) and retinet are the main verbs. Why singular?  Sometimes the verb of a compound subject is singular (BA 26).
veremur…videamur: veremur (plural for singular) introduces an affirmative fear clause with ne + subjunctive (564). The main verb of the fear clause is videamur (primary sequence after veremur); has indignitates is the direct object of reliquisse (note the placement of non: it negates this part only), and laborem is the direct object of fugisse. The perfect infinitives denote time prior to videamur.
sumus: plural for singular
solito: an ablative of comparison, (406).
desinendi: genitive of the gerund, used objectively (504) dependent on initium.


Vocabulary

abrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, break off, interrupt
actio, onis, f., pleading (in court)
actor, actoris, m., one who fulfills a role in court (advocate, plaintiff, lawyer)
admiror, -ari, -atus sum, to wonder at
adulescentulus, i, m., a small boy
aetas, atis, f., age
ante, prep., before, in front of
apud, prep., among
alioqui, adv., on the contrary, from another point of view
artificium, -i, n., profession, trade, craft
ascendo, -ere, -scensi, -scensum, to climb, rise
assector, -ari, -atus sum, be an adherent of, to be in attendance on
audax, cis, adj., bold, daring
audio, -ire, -ii (-ive) –itum, to hear
auditor, is, m., a hearer, student
auris, is, f., ear
auspicor, -ari, -atus sum, to enter upon, begin
basilica, ea, f., courthouse
canticum, i, n., song (in Roman comedy)
cause, ae, f., cause, grounds, motion, reason
centumviralis, e, adj., of the centumvirs (jury of 100)
certe, adv., certain
ceterus, a, um, the rest, remaining
clamor, oris, m., shout
claritas, atis, f., clarity, brightness, renown
claustra, orum, n., lock, bar, bolt
coepi, -isse, coeptum, to begin
colligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, to gather, collect
colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, to cultivate, esteem
commoveo, -ere, -i, -motum, to stir up, cause a commotion
conduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, collect; hire
consto, -are, stiti, stand together, agree, correspond, cost
consularis, e, adj., of consular rank (used of a person)
convenio, -ire, veni, ventum, to meet, interview, gather
corona, ae, f., crown, garland, crowd
corrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, summon
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, to arise, grow, come into being
cymbalum, i, n., cymbal (fig. a tedius speaker)
declamaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to recite, practice public speaking
delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to delight, attract, amuse
denarius, i, m., money
desino, -ere, -ii, -itum, to leave off
dico, -ere, -xi, dictum, to speak
dies, ei, m., day
disertus, a, um, flowing, eloquent, clear
desino, desinere, desivi, desitum, cease, stop
distringo, -ere, -nxi, -ictum, to draw apart, distract
divinatio, onis, f., clairvoyance, forecasting, predicting
do, -are, dedi, datum, give
enim, conj., in fact, namely, for
etiam, conj. and adv., also, yet, besides, even, still
everto, -ere, -i, -sum, to overthrow, ruin, destroy
excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum, receive (as a performance is "received")
exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to train, cultivate, employ, bother
exilis, e, adj., thin, small, feeble
exprimo, -ere, -essi, -essum, express, put into words
expresse, vividly
exstinguo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to put out, kill, destroy
facilis, e, adj., easy
foeditas, atis, f., hideousness
forum, i, n., forum
fractus, a, um, interrupted, feeble, weak
funditus, adv., from the bottom, entirely
genus, eris, n., race, breed, descent, kind
gradatim, adv., gradually
graviter, adv., heavily, violently, sadly
habeo, -ere, -ui, habitum, to have, hold
hactenus, adv., to this place, thus far. hitherto
hercule, interjection, by Hercules
here (heri), adv., yesterday
huc, adv., here, to this, point, to such a degree
immodicus, a, um, huge, enormous
impleo, -ere, -evi, -etum –to fill up, satisfy, enrich
impono, -ere, posui, positum, to place on, lay on, impose
incido, -ere, -idi, -casum, to happen, occur
induco, -ere, duxi, ductum, to lead in(to)
infinitus, a, um, limitless
ingens, ntis, adj., huge, vast
insigne, is, n., signal, mark, distinction
insolitus, a, um, unaccustomed, strange
intellegens, ntis, adj., intelligent
intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to interrupt, break off
inurbanus, a, um, rude, unsophisticated
irreverenter, adv., disrespectfully
irrumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, to rush into, break down
ita, adv., so, thus
iudicium, i, n., trial, opinion, decision
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum, to help (impers., it pleases)
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, to praise
lenet, adv., lightly, gladly
lingua, ae, f., tongue, speech, language
locus, i, m., place, location
magis, adv., more, to a greater extent
magnitudo, inis, f., large, importance, power, quantity
magnus, a, um, big, large, important, great
maiores, um, m., ancestors
manceps, ipis, m., a contractor, dealer
medius, a, um, middle central
memini, -isse, to remember
memoria, ae, f., memory, time, lifetime
merces, edis, f., pay, bribe, reward
mesochorus, i, m., chorus-leader (stood in the middle meso- of the -chorus chorus)
moror, -ari, -atus sum, to delay
mesochorus, i, m., one who stands in the middle of a chorus
mos, moris, m., custom, usage
nam, conj., for
narro, -are, -avi, narratum, to tell
negotium, i, n., business, matter, affair, thing
nisi, conj., unless, except
nobilis, e, adj., known, familiar
nomen, inis, n., name
nomenclator, oris, m., name-caller (a servant employed to tell his master the names of guests)
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
noto, -are, -avi, -atum, to mark, designate
novissime, on the last occasion, in the end, eventually
numerosus, a, um, numerous
nunc, adv., now
nunc, adv., now
nuper, adv., recently, lately
obscurus, a, um, dark shady, dim, secret, vague
omnis, e, adj., all, every
opinor, -ari, -atus sum, to suppose, imagine, conjecture
opus, operis, n., occupation, profession, work
palam, adv., openly, plainly
pareo, -ere, peperi, partum, to bear, bring forth
pars, partis, f., part
parvus, a, um, small, little, short, brief
pateo, -ere, patui, to stand open, be open
pauci, ae, a, adj., few (masc. plur. pronoun, the select, elite)
pareo, -ire, -ui -itum, be visible, at hand
pereo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum, to die, perish
persona, ae, f., mask, character, part
pessime (superl. of male), adv., worst
plausus, us, m. - clapping
plerusque, pleraque, plerumque, a great part of, most
potius, adv., rather
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, hold out, offer, supply
praeceptor, oris, m., teacher. tutor
pretium, i, n., price, value, worth
primus, a, um, first, foremost
produco, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to bring out, produce, promote
pronuntiatio, onis, f., a proclamation
prope, adv., near, nearby, at hand
proximus, a, um, nearest, next, adjoining
pudeo, -ere, -ui or puditum est, to make ashamed
pudor, oris, m., shame
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful, fair
quaero, -ere, -ii (-ivi), -itum, to seek, ask
quam, adv., as, than; how!, how?
quamlibet, adv., as much as you please
quando, adv., when
qui, quae, quod, relative pronoun, who, which
quidem, adv., indeed, in fact
quod, conj., because
quoque, adv., too
raro, adv., rarely, seldom
rarus, a, um, rare
ratio, onis, f., reason
redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, to buy
refero, referre, retuli, relatum, to give back, return, restore (impers., it matters, is of consequence)
refringo, -ere, fregi, fractum, to break open, break down
repeto, -ere, -ii (-ivi) –itum, repeat
respondeo, -ere, -di, -nsum, to answer, respond
reticeo, -ere, ui, to keep silent, keep secret
retineo, -ere, -ui, -entum, to hold back, keep back, retain
sane, adv., sanely, reasonably
schola, ae, f., school
scio, -ire, scivi, scitum, to know, discern, realize
sequor, -i, secutus sum, to follow
sic, adv., thus
signum, i, n., sign, signal
silentium, i, n. - silence
similis, e, adj, -  like
soleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, accustomed
solitus, a, um, accustomed
sportula, ae, f., a dole, food and money
subsellium, i, n., seat, bench, stool
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, to take up, put on
supersum, superesse, superfui, superfuturus, exist in plenty, be abundant
tam, adv., to such an extent, so
tamen, adv., yet, just the same
tantum (adv.), only
tantus, a, um, of such size, so big
temere, adv., blindly, random, chance
tener, tenera, tenerum, soft, delicate
terni, ae, a, - three apiece, three each
theatrum, i, n. - theatre
toga, ea, f., toga
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, to draw, drag
transeo, -ire, -ii (or -ivi), -itum –to cross, desert. pass over
triclinium, i,, n., dining couch
tum, adv., then, at that time
tympanum, i, n., drum, cylinder
ullus, a, um, any
ululatus, us, m. - howling
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)
vel…vel, adv., either, or
veneratio, onis, f., reverence, respect
vero, adv., truly
verum, adv., truly, (in responses), but in fact, but yet
video, -ere, visi, visum, to see
vocabulum, i, n., word, name, term
voco, -are, -avi, -atum- call, name, summon, invoke
volo, velle, volui, to wish, want