Latin Texts for Latin Day 2007 Probationes

The first set of readings (all from Columella) are for the Juniors.
Note: there are Greek dog names in the text. If they show up as gibberish, that means that the operating system or the program being used to view them is not compatible with unicode Greek. Apologies.
The Seniors are responsible for both sets of readings (i.e. both the Columella readings and the Horace Sermones 2.6 passage).

For each set of readings, a complete vocabulary is provided.

LUCIUS JUNIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA

On Working Dogs . . .
(Columella de Re Rustica 7.12.1)

    [nunc] de mutis custodibus loquar; quamquam canis falso dicitur mutus custos.  Nam quis hominum clarius aut tanta vociferatione bestiam vel furem praedicat, quam iste latratu?  quis famulus amantior domini?  quis fidelior comes?  quis custos incorruptior?  quis excubitor inveniri potest vigilantior?  quis denique ultor aut vindex constantior?  Quare vel in primis hoc animal mercari tuerique debet agricola, quod et villam et fructus familiamque et pecora custodit.

• Notes
• clarius: comparative adv.
• quam iste latratu: supply a verb (from the preceeding clause).
• quis famulus amantior domini: the verb is omitted from this and the following two questions, but the fourth question has a verb phrase: use that verb phrase for all 5 questions.

(Columella de Re Rustica 7.12.13)

  Nominibus autem non longissimis appellandi sunt, quo celerius quisque vocatus exaudiat: nec tamen brevioribus quam quae duabus syllabis enuntientur, sicuti Graecum est "σκύλαξ," Latinum "ferox," Graecum "λάκων," Latinum "celer": vel femina, ut sunt Graeca "σπουδή," "ἀλκή," "ῥώμη": Latina, "lupa," "cerva," "tigris."

• Notes
• appellandi: a gerundive. Gerundives are adjectives, passives, and often necessitative. Translate as "(having) to be called."
• quo celerius quisque vocatus exaudiat: a result clause. Remember that result clauses containing comparatives are introduced by quo and that all result clauses have subjunctive verbs. Translate quo as "with the result that."
• The Greek dog names: σκύλαξ means "puppy"; λάκων means "Laconian"; σπουδή, ἀλκή, and ῥώμη mean "speed, prowess, and strength" respectively.
  

On Asses
(Columella de Re Rustica 7.1.2)

    Tum imprudentis custodis negligentiam fortissime sustinet: plagarum et penuriae tolerantissimus: propter quae tardius deficit, quam ullum aliud armentum.  Nam laboris et famis maxime patiens raro morbis afficitur.

• Notes
• In this passage, supply "an ass" or "the ass" as subject wherever appropriate.
  
• plagarum et penuriae tolerantissimus: supply a form of "to be" here.
  

On Rams
(Columella de Re Rustica 7.3.3)

    Habitus autem maxime probatur, cum est altus atque procerus, ventre promisso atque lanato, cauda longissima densique velleris, fronte lata, intortis cornibus: non quia magis hic sit utilis, (nam est melior mutilus aries) sed quia minime nocent intorta potius quam surrecta et patula cornua.

• Notes
• Remember that ablatives can be used for qualities: est homo longis capillis means "he has long hair." Remember too that genitives can be used the same way: home est magnae sapientiae means "he is a man of great wisdom."
  
• non quia magis hic sit utilis: reasons that are to be rejected take the subjunctive. Notice that the next quia clause has an indicative verb: it states the real reason that is to be accepted.
  

Vocabulary:

afficio, afficere, affeci, affectum, affect, influence
agricola, -ae, m., farmer
alius, alia, aliud, other
altus, -a, -um, tall
amans, amantis, participle/adj., loving
animal, animalis, n., animal
appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum, call, name
aries, -etis, m., ram
armentum, -i, beast of burden
atque, and
aut, or
autem, nevertheless, however
bestia, -ae, f., animal, beast
brevis, breve, short
canis, canis, m. or f., dog
cauda, -ae, f., tail
celer, celeris, swift
cerva, -ae, f., doe or hind
clarus, -a, -um, loud
comes, comitis, m., companion
constans, -ntis, reliable,constant
cornu, cornus, n., horn
cum, when (conj.)
custodi, custodire, custodivi, custoditum, guard, protect
custos, custodis, m. or f., guardian
de + abl., from
debeo, debere, debui, debitum, ought (+ inf.)
deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum, fail, give out, weaken
denique, finally
densus, -a, -um, thick
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, call, name
dominus, -i, m., master
duo, duae, duo, two (dat/abl pl. fem duabus)
enuntio, enuntiare, enuntiavi, enuntiatus, express, pronounce
exaudio, exaudire, exaudivi, exauditum, comply, pay heed, listen
excubitor, -oris, m., sentinel
falso, adv., wrongly
familia, -ae, f., family members and household staff
fames, famis, f., hunger
famulus, -i, m., servant
femina, -ae, f., female
ferox, ferocis, fierce
fidelis. -e, faithful
fortis, forte, hardy, strong
frons, frontis, f., forehead
fructus, -us, m., fruit; crop, harvest
fur, furis, m., thief
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek
habitus, -us, m., physical character
homo, hominis, m., human
imprudens, imprudentis, foolish
incorruptus, -a, -um, incorruptible
intortus, -a, -um, in-curving, twisting inwards
invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum, find, discover
iste, ista, istud, that
labor, laboris, m., work
lanatus, -a, -um, woolly
latus, -a, -um, broad
latratus, -us, m., barking
longus, -a, -um, long
loquor, loqui, locutus sum, speak
lupa, -ae, f., wolf
magis, adv., more
maxime, most, to the greatest degree
melior, melius, better
mercor, mercari, mercatus, buy
minime, least, to the least degree
morbus, -i, m., disease
mutilus, -a, -um, with stunted horns, hornless
mutus, -a, -um, mute
nam, for (causal)
nec, nor, and not, neither
negligentia, -ae, f., heedlessness, neglect
noceo, nocere, nocui, harm
nomen, nominis, n., name
nunc, now
patiens, -entis, enduring (of)
patulus, -a, -um, spreading
pecus, pecoris, n., livestock
penuria, -ae, f., scarcity
plaga, -ae, f., blow, abuse, beating
potius, rather
praedico (see dico), announce
primus, -a, -um, first: in primis, especially
probo, probare, probavi, probatus, approve
procerus, -a, -um, tall, lofty
promitto, promittere, promisi, promissus, project out
propter + acc., on account of, because of
quamquam, although
quam, than
quare, which is why, for which reason
quia, because
quis, quid, who?, what?
quisque, quaeque, quidque, each
quo (in a clause containing a comparative), so that (purpose: subjunctive verb)
raro, rarely
sed, but
sicuti (=sicut), as
surrectus, -a, um, upright, straight
sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, withstand, tolerate
syllaba, -ae, f., syllable
tantus, -a, um, so much, such (a)
tardus, -a, -um, late
tigris, -is, f., tiger
tolerans, tolerantis, able to endure, tolerant (of) (+gen.)
tueor, tueri, tuitus, maintain
tum, then
ullus, ulla, ullum, any
ultor, ultoris, m., avenger
ut, as
utilis,, -e, useful
vel, even
vellus, velleris, n., fleece
venter, ventris, m., stomach
vigilans, vigilantis, wakeful, watchful
villa, -ae, f., country residence
vindex, vindicis, m., defender
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum, call, summon
vociferatio, -onis., f., loud voice


Horace, Sermones 2.6 lines 73-end

Note: This poem is given three ways:

• ORIGINAL:
• The original words of Horace, 
• PROSE VERSION:
  
• A prose version which preserves almost every word and the sentence structure of the original but puts Horace's words in approximately English word order, and
  
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
  
• A "basic" prose version which consists almost exclusively of simple sentences and preserves almost all of the content of the poem.
• NOTES and PUTTING IT TOGETHER:
  
• In addition, there are occasional notes as well as sections about how to put simple sentences together.
  

Students might find it easiest to translate the basic prose version first, then move to the prose version, and then move to Horace's original.

The vocabulary at the end should have every word in the poem, with the exception of very basic words such as me, mihi, longus, or sum. There are some essential grammatical items in the vocabulary (such as what case an intransitive verb takes).

• ORIGINAL:
• ...quod magis ad nos
  pertinet et nescire malum est, agitamus, utrumne
  divitiis homines an sint virtute beati,
• PROSE VERSION:
  
• agitamus quod magis ad nos pertinet et nescire malum est, utrum homines divitiis beati sint an homines virtute beati sint.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Agitamus quaestiones:
  Divitiaene homines beatos faciunt?
  Virtusne homines beatos facit?
  Illae quaestiones ad nos maxime pertinent.
  Nescire illas res malum est.
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER: more complex basic prose (indirect questions with subjunctive):
• Hominesne beati divitiis sunt?
  Agitamus utrum divitiae homines beatos faciant.
  Agitamus utrum virtus homines beatos faciat.
  Agitamus id quod ad nos pertinet et nescire malum est.
• NOTES ABOUT PUTTING IT TOGETHER:
• Horace's sentence is a main clause plus a relative (quod) clause, and the quod refers to the two indirect questions which follow.

• ORIGINAL:
• quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos               75
  et quae sit natura boni summumque quid eius.
• PROSE VERSION: 
• (et agitamus) quid nos ad amicitias trahat, usus rectumne, et quae sit natura boni et quid sit summum eius.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Quid nos ad amicitias trahit?
  Aut usus aut rectum nos ad amicitias trahit.
  Ususne nos ad amicitias trahit?
  Rectumne nos ad amicitias trahit?
  Quae est natura boni?
  Quid est summum boni?
• PUTTING IT TOGETHER:
• Agitamus utrum usus an rectum nos ad amicitias trahat.
  Agitamus quoque quae sit natura boni.
  

• ORIGINAL:
• Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit anilis
  ex re fabellas.
• PROSE VERSION: 
• vicinus Cervius inter haec anilis fabellas ex re garrit.
• NOTES:
• inter haec: in the mean time.
• ex re: arising from the subject matter under discussion
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Vicinus noster, Cervius, fabellas garrit.
  Illae fabellae aniles sunt.
  Cervius has fabellas garrit inter eas res quas agitamus.
  Cervius propter has res illas fabellas nobis dicit.
  Ergo hae fabellae ex hac re veniunt.

• ORIGINAL:
• siquis nam laudat Arelli
  sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit:
• PROSE VERSION: 
• nam si quis ignarus laudat sollicitas opes Arelli, sic incipit:
• NOTES:
• remember that "after si, nisi, num, and ne, all the ali-s drop away" so this quis=aliquis.
• opes "sollicitae" sunt quia hae opes sollicitant Arellum.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Opes Arelli eum sollicitant.
  Ergo Horatius, poeta magnus, eas opes "sollicitas" dicit.
  Si (ali)quis laudat opes Arelli, sic Arellus incipit:

• ORIGINAL:
• 'olim
  rusticus urbanum murem mus paupere fertur               80
  accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes amicum,
  asper et attentus quaesitis, ut tamen artum
  solveret hospitiis animum.
• PROSE VERSION: 
• rusticus mus fertur olim in paupere cavo accepisse urbanum murem: vetus hospes accepit veterem amicum. Rusticus mus erat asper et attentus quaesitis urbani muris ut artum animum urbani muris hospitiis solveret.
• NOTE:
• Poetry frequently omits prepositions. The prose version puts them back in.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Rusticus mus olim accepit urbanum murem.
  Rusticus et urbanus veteres amici erant.
  Rusticus accepit urbanum in paupere cavo.
  Rusticus erat asper.
  Rusticus autem erat attentus quaesitis urbani muris.
  Rusticus voluit solvere artum animum urbani.
  Rusticus voluit solvere animum urbani hospitiis.

• ORIGINAL:
• quid multa? neque ille
  sepositi ciceris nec longae invidit avenae,
  aridum et ore ferens acinum semesaque lardi               85
  frusta dedit, cupiens varia fastidia cena
  vincere tangentis male singula dente superbo,
  cum pater ipse domus palea porrectus in horna
  esset ador loliumque, dapis meliora relinquens.
• PROSE VERSION:
• Quid multa dicam? Ille rusticus invidit neque sepositis ciceris neque longae avenae. Rusticus ore tulit aridum acinum semesaque frusta lardi ad urbanum et ea urbano dedit, quia cupivit vincere cena (cena is abl.) varia fastidia (accusatives) urbani muris, qui superbo dente male tangebat singula frusta, cum  rusticus mus, pater domus, porrectus in horna palea esset ador loliumque et relinqueret meliorem partem dapis.
• NOTE: 
• The genitives sepositis ciceris and longae avenae are dependent on invidit. This is probably done in imitation of Greek.
• Cum here means "although" and so takes the subjunctive.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Ille rusticus invidit neque sepositi ciceris neque longae avenae.
  Tulit aridum acinum ore et semesa frusta lardi.
  Ea urbano muri dedit.
  Rusticus cupivit vincere varia fastidia amici.
  Rusticus cupivit vincere varia fastidia amici cena.
  Urbanus male tangebat singula frusta superbo dente.
  Rusticus in horna palea porrectus erat et edit ador loliumque.
  Rusticus non tangebat meliorem partem dapis.
  Rusticus relinquit meliora urbano muri.
  Rusticus, ferens acinum ore et cupiens vincere fastidia amici cena, non invidit ciceris.
  Rusticus cupivit vincere fastidia urbani tangentis frustum dente superbo.
• NOTE: 
• The genitives sepositis ciceris and longae avenae are dependent on invidit. This is probably done in imitation of Greek.
  

• ORIGINAL:
• tandem urbanus ad hunc "quid te iuvat" inquit, "amice,               90
  praerupti nemoris patientem vivere dorso?
  vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis?
• PROSE VERSION:
• tandem urbanus ad amicum inquit "quid te iuvat, amice, vivere patientem multa mala in dorso praerupti nemoris? tu vis praeponere homines urbemque feris silvis?
• NOTES:
• No basic prose version of these lines is necessary.
• Vivere is an infinitive dependent on iuvat.
• Patientem modifies te.
• Praeponere takes acc. + dat.
  

• ORIGINAL:
• carpe viam, mihi crede, comes, terrestria quando
  mortalis animas vivunt sortita neque ulla est
  aut magno aut parvo leti fuga: quo, bone, circa,               95
  dum licet, in rebus iucundis vive beatus,
  vive memor, quam sis aevi brevis." ...
• PROSE VERSION:
• Carpe viam (mihi crede, O comes), quando terrestria sortita sunt mortalis animas et vivunt neque est ulla fuga leti aut magno animali aut parvo animali: quocirca, O bone, vive beatus in rebus iucundis dum licet, et vive memor quam sis aevi brevis.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Carpe viam.
  Mihi credi.
  Terrestria sortita sunt animas.
  Eae animae sunt mortales.
  Terrestria vivunt neque est ulla fuga leti.
  Nulla fuga est magno animali aut parvo animali.
  Quocirca vive beatus.
  Vive in rebus iucundis dum licet.
  Vive memor huius.
  Es aevi brevis.
  Quam brevis aevi es?
  Vive memor quam sis aevi brevis.
• NOTES:
• quam means "how?" and modifies brevis.
  

• ORIGINAL:
• ...haec ubi dicta
  agrestem pepulere, domo levis exsilit; inde
  ambo propositum peragunt iter, urbis aventes
  moenia nocturni subrepere. ...
• PROSE VERSION:
• Ubi haec dicta pepulere agrestem, levis exsilit domo: inde ambo peragunt iter propositum et avent suprepere moenia urbis nocturni.
• NOTES:
• Pepulere =pepulerunt.
• levis grammatically modifies the country mouse, but should be translated as an adverb modifying exsilit. Latin frequently uses an adjective modifying the subject where English like to use an adverb modifying the verb.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Rusticus haec dicta audivit.
  Haec dicta pepulerunt rusticum.
  Rusticus, levis mus, domo exsilit.
  Ambo proponunt iter.
  Ambo peragunt iter propositum.
  Ambo avent subrepere moenia urbis.

• ORIGINAL:
• ... iamque tenebat               100
  nox medium caeli spatium, cum ponit uterque
  in locuplete domo vestigia, rubro ubi cocco
  tincta super lectos canderet vestis eburnos
  multaque de magna superessent fercula cena,
  quae procul exstructis inerant hesterna canistris.               105
• PROSE VERSION:
• Iam nox tenebat medium spatium caeli, cum uterque ponit vestigia in locuplete domo, ubi vestis tincta rubro cocco canderet super lectos eburnos multaque fercula superessent de magna cena, quae hesterna procul inerant exstructis canistris.
• NOTE:
• hesterna modifies quae and might best be translated as "as leftovers."
• procul modifies inerant and perhaps is best translated as "off to the side."
• inerant takes ablative.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Nox tenebat medium spatium caeli.
  Uterque mus ponit vestigia in domo.
  Domus est locuples.
  Vestis candebat super lectos eburnos.
  Vestis erat tincta rubro cocco.
  Multa fercula supererant de magna cena et inerant canistris.

• ORIGINAL:
• ergo ubi purpurea porrectum in veste locavit
  agrestem, veluti succinctus cursitat hospes
  continuatque dapes nec non verniliter ipsis
  fungitur officiis, praelambens omne quod adfert.
• PROSE VERSION:
• Ubi locavit agrestem murem in veste purpurea, hospes, veluti succinctus, cursitat continuatque dapes nec non verniliter fungitur officiis, praelambens omne quod adfert.
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Urbanus locavit rusticum in veste purpurea.
  Veluti succinctus, urbanus cursitat continuatque dapes.
  Verniliter fungitur officiis.
  Praelambit omne quod adfert.

• ORIGINAL:
• ille cubans gaudet mutata sorte bonisque               110
  rebus agit laetum convivam, cum subito ingens
  valvarum strepitus lectis excussit utrumque.
• PROSE VERSION:
• No need: the poem is fairly straightforward in construction.
• Ago here means "play a role (as an actor)."
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Ille rusticus cubat et gaudet mutata sorte.
  Rusticus agit laetum convivam rebus bonis.
  Subito ingens strepitus valvarum excussit utrumque murem ex lectis.

• ORIGINAL:
• currere per totum pavidi conclave magisque
  exanimes trepidare, simul domus alta Molossis
  personuit canibus. ...
• PROSE VERSION:
• Mures, pavidi, currere per totum conclave magisque exanimes trepidare et simul domus alta personuit canibus Molossis.
• NOTES:
• The infinitives are "historic infinitives" and should be translated as "they (the mice) ran" and "they were afraid." 
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Pavidi mures currebant per totum conclave.
  Magis exanimes trepidabant.
  Domus alta personuit canibus Molossis.
  

• ORIGINAL:
• ...tum rusticus: "haud mihi vita               115
  est opus hac" ait et "valeas: me silva cavusque
  tutus ab insidiis tenui solabitur ervo."'
• PROSE VERSION:
• Tum rusticus mus ait "haud mihi hac vita opus est. Valeas: silva cavusque tutus ab insidiis solabitur me tenui ervo."
• BASIC PROSE VERSION:
• Rusticus mus ait, "haud mihi hac vita opus est."
  Valeas.
  Silva solabitur me.
  Cavus, tutus ab insidiis, solabitur me.
  Silva cavusque solabitur me tenui ervo.

Vocabulary
accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus, receive, entertain
acinus, -i, m., grape, berry
adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus, bring to
ador, adoris, emmer wheat (a coarse form of wheat)
aevum, -i, n., time, lifetime
agito (1), debate
ago, agere, egi, actus, play, act (a role as an actor)
agrestis, e, rural, of the fields
aio, say, claim
altus, -a, -um, high, tall
ambo, nom., both
amicitia, -ae, f., friendship
amicus, -a, -um, friendly: amicus, -i, m./amica, -ae, f., friend
an, or, whether
anilis, -e, old womanly, old wives'
anima, -ae, f., soul, life
animus, -i, m., mind, soul, life
aridus, -a, -um, dry
artus, -a, -um, tense, tight
asper, aspera, asperum, coarse, unrefined
attentus, -a, -um, attentive, heedful
aut, or: aut...aut..., either...or...
avena, -ae, f., oat
aveo, avere, be eager to
beatus, -a, -um, happy
brevis, breve, short, brief
caelum, -i, n., heaven
candeo, candere, candui, gleam, glisten
canis, canis, m. or f., dog
canistrum, -i, n., basket
carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, pluck, gather, seize
cavum, -i, n., hole, burrow
cavus, -a, -um, hollowed out, hollow
cena, -ae, f., meal
cicer, ciceris, n., chick-pea
circa, in the phrase quocirca (often written as one word), which is why
coccum, -i, n., scarlet dye
comes, comitis, m., f., companion
conclave, conclavis, n., room (in a house)
continuo , continuare, continuavi, continuatum, set out in succession
conviva, -ae, m., f., companion, guest
credo, credere, credidi, creditum, believe, trust (+dat.)
cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum, lie down
cum (conj., when, since, although
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum, desire
curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, run
cursito, cursitare, cursitavi, cursitatum, run around, keep running
daps, dapis, f., feast, meal, banquet
dens, dentis, m., tooth
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, say; call, name
divitiae, -arum, f. pl., wealth, riches
domus, -us, f., house, home (the declension is an irregular and inconsistent mix of second and fourth declension endings)
dorsum, -i., n., ridge, ridgeline
dum, while
eburnus, -a, -um, ebony
edo, esse, edi, esum, eat
ergo, therefore
esset, from edo, esse, edi, esum, eat
exanimis, -e, half dead
excutio, excutere, excussi, excussum, knock out, shake out
exsilio, exsilire, exsilui, spring up, leap up
exstructus, -a, -um, towering
fabella, -ae, f., tale
fastidium, -i, n., aversion, squeamishness
ferculum, -i, n., tray
ferens, present participle of fero
ferus, -a, -um, wild
fertur, from fero, ferre, tuli, latus, report (the basic meaning is "carry")
frustum, -i, n., crumb
fuga, -ae, f., escape
fungor, fungi, functus sum (+abl.), perform, discharge; undergo, experience
garrio, garrire, garrivi, jabber on, talk nonsense
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, enjoy (+abl)
haud, hardly, barely
hesternus, -a, -um, from yesterday, yesterday's
homo, hominis, m., human
hornus, -a, -um, this year's
hospes, hospitis, m., host
hospitium, -i, n., accommodations, hospitality
iamque = iam + que
ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant
incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum, begin
inde, from there
inerant, from insum
ingens, ingentis, huge
inquit, (he, she, it) said (a defective verb: it has very few forms)
insidiae, -arum, f. pl., trap, trick
insum, be in
inter + acc., between, among
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum, begrudge (+ abl.., acc., or gen.)
iter, itineris, n., path, journey
iucundus, -a, -um, pleasing
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, help
laetus, -a, -um, happy
lardum, -i, n., bacon
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, praise
lectus, -a, -um, choice
lectus, -i, m., couch
letum, -i, n., death
levis, -e, light (not heavy)
licet, it is permitted
loco, locare, locavi, locatum, place, put in a position
locuples, locupletis, rich, wealthy
lolium, -i, n., a weed, darnel
magis, more
male, hardly, barely
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle; medium forum means "middle of the forum"
melior, melius, better
memor, memoris, mindful of (+gen.)
moenia, moenium, n. pl., outer walls, fortifications
Molossus, -a, -um, Molossian (a kind of dog was called "Molossus")
mortalis, -e, mortal
mus, muris, m., mouse
muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum, change, alter
nam, for, since, because
natura, -ae, f., nature
nemus, nemoris, n., grove
nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum, not know, be ignorant
nocturnus, -a, -um, nocturnal
nox, noctis, f., night
officium, -i, n., duty, office
olim, once, at one time
opes, opum, f. pl., riches, means, abilities, powers
opus, operis, n., work, task
os, oris, n., mouth
palea, -ae, f., husk, chaff
parvus, -a, -um, small
pater, patris, m., father
patiens, patientis, present participle of patior, undergo, suffer
pauper, pauperis, poor
pavidus, -a. -um, terrified, frightened
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, strike
pepulere, see pello
per + acc., through
peraga, paeragere, peregi, peractum, go through
persono, personare, personui, personitum, sound throughout
pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, pertain, extend, refer
porrectus, -a, -um, stretched out
praelambo, praelambere, lick beforehand, take a taste of beforehand
praepono, praeponere, praeposui, praepositum, prefer (+acc. + dat.)
praeruptus, -a, -um, precipitous
procul, far off, off to the side
propono, proponere, proposui, propositum, propose, suggest
purpureus, -a, -um, purple
quaesitus, -a, -um, perfect passive participle of quaero, seek, ask
quam, how? +adj. or adv.
quando, since
res, rei, f., matter, affair, thing
rectus, -a, -um, upright, upstanding
relinquens, present active participle of relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum, leave
ruber, rubra, rubrum, red
rusticus, -a, -um, rustic
semesus, -a, -um, half-eaten
sepositus, -a, -um, perfect passive participle of sepono, seponere, seposui, sepositum, set apart, set aside
sic, thus
silva, -ae, f., woods
simul, at the same time
singulus, -a, -um, single, individual
siquis = si aliquis
sollicitus, -a, -um, worried, worry-causing
solor, solari, solatum, console
solvo, solvere, solui, solutum, relax, loosen
sors, sortis, f., lot (the kind drawn in a lottery or in life)
sortior, sortiri, sortitus, draw (as one's lot), obtain by lot
spatium, -i, n., space
strepitus, -us, noise, uproar
subito, suddenly
subrepo, subrepere, subrepsi, subreptum, creep up to, creep under
succinctus, -a, -um, girdled, equipped, ready for action
super + acc., over
superbus, -a, -um, arrogant
supersum, be remaining
tamen, and yet, nonetheless
tandem, finally
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, touch
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus, hold, grasp
tenuis, -e, slender, thin; scanty, meager
terrestris, terrestre, earthly
tinctus, -a, -um, perfect passive participle of tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctum, dye
totus, -a, -um, whole
traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, drag, draw
trepido, trepidare, trepidavi, trepidatus, be afraid, scurry, quiver
tum, then, at that time
tutus, -a, -um, sage
ubi, where, when
ullus, -a, -um, any
urbanus, -a, -um, urbane, of the city
urbs, urbis, f., city
usus, -us, m., use, usefulness
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each
utrum, whether
valeo, valere, valui, be well, be strong
valvae, valvarum, f. pl., folding doors
varius, -a, -um, varied, manifold
veluti, as
verniliter, in servile fashion, obsequious
vestigium, -i, n., footstep, trace, track
vestis, vestis, f., attire, dress
vetus, veteris, old
via, -ae, way, road, path
vicinus, -a, -um, neighboring, neigbor
vinco, vincere, vici, victum, conquer
virtus, virtutis, f., virtue, excellence
vis, 2nd person sg. of volo
vita, -ae, f., life, way of life
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, live