References and citation procedures in anthropology

Anthropology Department, Sept. 2003 (modified by Prof. Dickinson 2005)

Notes: this guide is based on the style guide for American Anthropologist, a leading journal.

Other journals may have different requirements and formats. See http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.pdf for the complete document.

This style guide uses The Chicago Manual of Style (14th edition, 1993) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th edition, 2000).

Proper citation practices and plagiarism:

Citing your sources is a way to show your participation in a community of scholarship. In academic writing, citing sources is a mark of engagement with other people’s ideas, and is a source of pride. The issue of academic honesty has become particularly important now that computer technology has made it easy to ‘cut and paste’ text from a web page or to purchase papers. Those that do this cheat themselves and demean the value of a UVM education for everyone. It is all too easy to take ‘lazy notes’ by cutting, pasting, and forgetting your sources. To avoid the unpleasantness of an Academic Judicial Board hearing, be scrupulous in your citation procedures. Paraphrasing (restatement of another person’s idea with slightly altered language) without citation also counts as plagiarism. Using direct quotes and paraphrasing passages demonstrate understanding of how important a source is to your argument – this is acceptable (and even good!) but you must give proper credit to the original author.

Selected style topics of importance for student writing:

Quotations: All published quotations must be cited with year and page number(s):

Ø “Vermont is a state in crisis,” as Jones noted (1992:7-8).

Ø Or “Vermont is a state in crisis” (Jones 2002:124) -- not (Jones 2002, p. 124)

Format for block quotes:

Ø If extract takes more than four manuscript lines, make it a single-spaced block quote

Ø Use brackets for citation at the end of a block; put sentence period before citation

… made a remarkable contribution to anthropology. [Jones 2002:124]

Text Citations and References Cited: All references must be cited in author-date form; all author-date citations must be referenced.

Ø Alphabetization: References with the same author and date should be placed in alphabetical order, by title

Ø Citations: Place text citations as near the author’s name as possible, except place quotation citations after the quote

§ Use ‘et al.’in text citations of three or more authors, but spell out all names in references cited

§ Use full first names where possible for authors and editors (but do not force if author goes by initials)

§ Do not use ibid. for repeated references

Ø Notes: Where citing a note or notes, use:

§ (Boulifa 1990:10 n. 12)

Ø Reprinted material: Where citing reprinted material, use the publication date from the work used in text citations and insert all dates in the references cited list:

§ Text citations: (Webber 1994)

§ References cited: Webber 1994[1849]

Ø States (Chicago 14.17):

§ Spell out state names in text

§ Do not use state name with city of publication in references unless the city is obscure or there are several with the same name

§ Where state name is used in notes, references cited, tables, or addresses, use two-letter postal code abbreviations (e.g., AL, TX)

Reference Examples:

Ø Single-Author Book

Castles, Stephen

1990 Here for Good. London: Pluto Press.

Ø Coauthored Book

Bonacich, Edna, and John Modell

1975 The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity. New York: Basic Books.

Ø Author, with Others (cite first author in text citations)

Bonacich, Edna, with Mark Smith and Kathy Hunt

1999 Economics and Community among Japanese Americans. Berkeley: University of

California Press.

Ø Multiple References in the Same Year (alphabetize by title)

Gallimore, Ronald

1983a A Christmas Feast. New York: Oxford University Press.

1983b Holiday Gatherings in the Northwest. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Ø Work Accepted for Publication

Spindler, George

In press In Pursuit of a Dream: The Experience of Central Americans Recently Arrived in the United States. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ø Materials in Archives

Egmont Manuscripts

N.d. Phillips Collection. University of Georgia Library, Athens.

Ambasamudram Taluk

1879 Settlement Register, Tirunleveli District. Archived material, Madras Archives, Chennai (Madras), Tamilnadu, India.

Ø Chapter in Book with Editor(s):

Rohlen, Thomas P.

1993 Education: Policies and Prospects. In Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflicts and

Accommodation. Cameron Lee and George De Vos, eds. Pp. 182-222. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Ø Editor as Author

Diskin, Martin, ed.

1970 Trouble in Our Backyard: Central America in the Eighties. New York: Pantheon Books.

Ø Article in Journal

Moll, Luis C.

2000 Writing as Communication: Creating Strategic Learning Environments for Students. Theory into Practice 25(3):202-208.

Ø Ph.D. Dissertation or M.A. Thesis

D’Amato, John

1989 ‘We Cool, Tha’s Why’: A Study of Personhood and Place in a Class of Hawai’ian Second Graders. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of Hawai’i.

Ø Article in a Newspaper or Popular Magazine

Reinhold, Robert

2000 Illegal Aliens Hoping to Claim Their Dreams. New York Times, November 3: A1, A10.

Editorial

1992 Washington Post, February 14: B2.

Letter to the Editor

1994 Newsweek, August 27: 4, 11.

Ø Personal Communication (including e-mail, listserv, and newsgroup messages)

Should be cited in text citations, with specific date, but not in references cited:

Horace Smith claims (letter to author, July 12, 1993) that he did not…

Ø Lecture notes

You have some discretion here. You can cite a college lecture when you quote or paraphrase material presented in lecture, but your usage of keywords, concepts, and analyses is, after all, the whole point of attending lectures. Cite a lecture if you feel that you have relied on the material extensively enough that the ideas are not yours. Do this as seldom as possible. A possible format is:

Jones, Matthew

2002 Cultural evolution (lecture notes), UVM ANTH 021 class, Sept 3.

Ø Internet Document

Use this format for public Internet documents with URLs.

Rheingold, Howard

2000 A Slice of Life in My Virtual Community. Electronic document,

http://well.sf.ca.us/serv/ftp.htm, accessed July 5.

American Anthropological Association

2000[1992] Planning for the Future: Current Long-Range Plan for the AAA. Electronic document, http://www.aaanet.org/committees/lrp/lrplan.htm, accessed

January 18, 2001.

Ø Film, Video, Television, and Music Recordings (Chicago 7.148 [titles], 15:418)

Carvajal, Carmela, and David C. Kim, dirs.

1998 High School Parody (videorecording). 120 min. Paramount Pictures. Hollywood.

Bush, George, Jr.

2000 Interview by Jim Lehrer. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS, May 18.

Shakur, Tupac

1997 I Wonder If Heaven Got A Ghetto. From R U Still Down? New York:

Interscope Records.

The AAA style guide (http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.pdf) shows a variety of more specialized reference formats, such as books in a series, one volume of a multivolume work, book reviews, privately held reports, etc.