Ecology
of Wheat and Barley Sunn Pests in Iran by Dr. Rajabi This publication is printed in Farsi. The Table of Contents alone is available in English below.
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Title Page | |
Chapter 1 | |
Damaging Sunn Pests-Scut eirda Family | |
Eurygaster intergiceps Puton | |
Identification | 1 |
Distribution area and investigation of cause of difference of pest density in the various regions of the country | 5 |
Host plants of Wheat Sunn Pest | 26 |
Intensity and manner of damage | 34 |
Movement of Wheat Sunn Pest from overwintering sites to cereal fields | 38 |
1- Downward movement of Sunn Pest and its period | 38 |
2- Temporary stopovers of Sunn Pest enroute between overwinter sites and target fields |
47 |
- Irrigated regions | 47 |
- Irrigated and rainfed regions | 48 |
- Rainfed regions | 49 |
3- Flight direction of Sunn Pest from overwintering sites to fields | 50 |
4- Landing location of Wheat Sunn Pest in target fields | 51 |
5- Sex of fore-runner Sunn Pests in the initial landings in farms | 52 |
Translocations of mother Sunn Pest after initial establishment in different fields | 52 |
Development of Wheat Sunn Pest in fields and its trend | 54 |
1- Nutrition and copulation | 54 |
2- Egg laying | 56 |
3- Egg laying period and its trend in nature | 63 |
4- Nymphal period in Wheat Sunn Pest | 66 |
5- Investigation of displacement of newly arrived Sunn Pest and Nutritional behavior of mature insects of new generation | 68 |
6- Comparison of start and end of activity of Wheat Sunn Pest in the different locations of the country | 73 |
Non-active lifecycle of Wheat Sunn Pest | 74 |
1- Movement of new generation adult Sunn Pest to overwintering sites | 74 |
2- Landing location of adult Sunn Pest of new generation in overwintering sites | 77 |
3- Displacement of Sunn Pest during hibernation period | 80 |
4- Special features of locatiion of settlement of Sunn Pest during the inactive life | 82 |
5- Investigation of reduction in weight of Sunn Pest during inactive life |
95 |
6- Diapause of Sunn Pest | 103 |
7- Trend of growth of sex organs of Sunn Pest during inactive lifecycle |
107 |
Sex ratio changes in Sunn Pest | 113 |
Population fluctuation of Sunn Pest and investigation of
causal factors |
114 |
Life tables of Sunn Pest during outbreak | 120 |
Discussion and conclusion related to periodical fluctuations of Sunn Pest | 138 |
B- Spread of Sunn Pests in Iran and identification of its key factors | 144 |
1- Host plants of Sunn Pests in natural habitat | 149 |
2- Investigation of possible subsistence of parasitoid in natural habitats of Sunn Pest in the altitudes | 162 |
3- Comparison of reproduction potential of migrant and non-migrant Sunn Pests | 165 |
4- Comparison of size and weight of non-migrant Sunn Pests in altitudes in comparison with migrant Sunn Pests | 166 |
C- Investigation of diverse trends of egg laying in different groups of migrant Sunn Pests | 168 |
D- Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on abundance of Wheat Sunn Pest population and its degree of damage | 172 |
E- Investigation of relationship between weeds in wheat and barley fields and abundance of Wheat Sunn Pest | 174 |
F- Investigation of degree of concurrance of Wheat Sunn Pest with plant phenology for population survival | 177 |
G- Hymenopterous parasitoid and its role in changing the population of Wheat Sunn Pest Scelionidae family |
181 |
- Identification key of parasitoid genera found in Iran belonging to Scelionidae family |
182 |
- Egg parasitoid of cereal Sunn Pest belonging to Trissolcus genus | 183 |
1- Identification of key of Trissolcus species | 184 |
2- Investigation of comparative importance of Sunn Pest egg parasitoid of Trissolcus genus in Iran | 195 |
3- Investigation of life cycle of important egg porasitoid of Wheat Sunn Pest of Trissolcus genus in Iran | 203 |
4- Investigation of role of Trissolocus in decreasing Wheat Sunn Pest population | 220 |
Egg parasitoid of Cereal Sunn Pests of Telenomus genus in Iran | 225 |
Egg parasitoid of Cereal Sunn Pests of Gryon genus in Iran | 226 |
Euplemidae family | 226 |
Euplemidae family | 228 |
H- Dipterous parasitoid and their role in changing the population of Wheat Sunn Pest | 228 |
1- The identified species of dipterous parasitoid of wheat and barley Sunn Pest in Iran | 229 |
2- Identification key of dipterous parasitoid genera which have been observed in Iran to date | 236 |
- Identification key of the species belonging to genus Clytiomyia R.D. | 239 |
- Identification key of the species Helomyia R.D. | 240 |
- Identification key of the species Alophora R.D. | 241 |
- Identification key of the species Phasia Latr | 242 |
- Identification key of the species Gymnosoma Mg | 242 |
- Identification key of the species Lophosia Mg | 244 |
- Identification key of the species Cylindromyia Mg | 244 |
3- Distribution area and comparative importance of dipterous parasitoid in the various regions of the country | 247 |
4- Host Sunn Pest of dipterous parasitoid in Iran | 249 |
5- Study of life cycle of dipterous parasitoid possessing basic role in regulating the population of Wheat Sunn Pests | 252 |
I - Insect's Predator of Sunn Pest | 262 |
1- Order of Coleoptera | 262 |
- Family Caribidae | 263 |
- Family Staphylinidae | 263 |
2- Order of Neuroptera | 263 |
- Family Chrysopidae | 263 |
J - Other biological factors responsible for reduction of Wheat and Barley Sunn Pest | 264 |
Eurygaster maura L | 265 |
Identification | 265 |
Distribution areas |
265 |
Host plants | 265 |
Some aspects of bionomics and ecology of Sunn Pest E.maura | 268 |
Eurygaster testudinaria Geoff | 273 |
Chapter 2 | |
Noxious Sunn Pests of Family Pentatomidae | |
Dolycoris baccarum L | 275 |
Identification | 275 |
Distribution area and ecological causes of population changes | 277 |
Bionomics of D. baccarum and its ecologic aspects | 278 |
a- Bionomics in its natuural habitat and its ecologic aspects | 279 |
b- Bionomics in fields and its ecologic aspects | 282 |
c- Living agents responsible for reduction Sunn Pest population D. baccarum | 286 |
Dolycoris penicillatus Horvat | 288 |
Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boh) | 289 |
Identification | 289 |
Distribution area | 290 |
Some ecologic features C.fuscispinus | 290 |
Aelia furcula Fieb |
293 |
Identification | 293 |
Ecologic features of distribution area | 293 |
Host plants | 294 |
Life cycle and its ecologic aspects | 294 |
Investigation of migration and displacements | 298 |
Investigation of overwintering sites of A.furcula | 298 |
Important key factors in the spread of Sunn Pest A.furculs in the country | 299 |
Aelia melanota Fieb | 300 |
Identification | 300 |
Ecologic features of distribution area | 300 |
Host plants | 301 |
Bionomics of A.melanota and its ecologic aspects | 301 |
Investigations of migrations and displacements of A.melanota | 303 |
Investigations of overwintering sites of A.melanota | 304 |
Important key factors in the spread of A.melanota in the country | 306 |
Aelia virgata Klug | 307 |
Identification | 307 |
Ecologic features of distribution area | 308 |
Host plants | 308 |
Bionomics of A.irgata and some of its ecologic aspects | 308 |
Migration and displacements of A.virgata | 309 |
Overwintering sites of A.virgata | 309 |
Key factors in the spread of A.virgata | 309 |
Aelia acuminata L. | 310 |
Identification | 310 |
Ecologic features of distribution area | 310 |
Host plants | 310 |
Bionomics of A.acuminata and its ecologic features | 310 |
Migrations and displacements of A.acuminata | 312 |
Overwintering sites of A.acuminta | 313 |
Key factors in the spread of A.acuminata | 314 |
Identification of effective key factors in the spread of Sunn Pest population of Aelia species in Iran | 314 |
1- Reduction in the population of natural enemies of this pest | 314 |
2- Degradation of natural rangelands and destruction of natural habitats of these pests | 317 |
Other Sunn Pests of Aelia species in Iran | 323 |
Literature cited | 324 |
Table of Contents | 331 |