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"A race without authority and power is a
race without respect." Marcus Mosiah Garvey PARTI: INTRODUCTION Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a man that lived a life with a mission. Although his
journey may have seemed impossible, his never-ending strength and dedication
caused many peoples dreams and wishes to become realities. Garvey is considered
a prophet by his followers, because of the inspiration he brought to the black
race. He took a group of people that thought they had no place in this world
and united them together which gave them pride in their race. He also had a
tremendous affect on the creation of Rastafarianism. Even though he could not
find enough support for his movement to succeed in Jamaica, Garvey gave Rastas
the guidance they needed to rise above their oppressors which led them to create
a movement for the black race in Jamaica. When Marcus Mosiah Garvey passed away
his words were not forgotten. His message is still alive in reggae music and
his actions have greatly impacted the black race. PARTII: MARCUS GARVEY: HIS LEGACY Marcus Garvey brought inspiration to many and spoke of many peoples dreams
and desires. He led the largest black movement in all of history, although there
were many obstacles he had to overcome to successfully create the change he
imagined. Marcus Garvey was born in Jamaica, on August 17, 1887, in the little
town of St. Annes Bay. He grew up in a family that had a very strong sense
of closeness and unity, similar to most Jamaican families. He watched his father
stand up for himself at all costs whenever he was struggling. This atmosphere
encouraged Marcus to pursue his goals and not let anything stand in his way.
This is how he found the courage to succeed in life, even if the color of his
skin could hinder his success. Marcus expressed to his followers that the color
of their skin signified a glorious symbol of national greatness. He brought
hope to many peoples lives. (Cronon, pg.4-6) When Marcus was fourteen he had to drop out of school and get a job to
help support his family financially. He got a job in Kingston, Jamaica at a
printing press with his godfather. This taught Marcus the printing trade and
many journalistic techniques that helped him out later on in life. By the time
Marcus was twenty he became a master printer and got the stimulation to start
organizing public meetings in favor of his fellow workers. This started his
life as an orator. He also developed the speaking skills he needed in order
to uplift a group of people that felt they had no opportunities in society.
Through these public meetings and encouragement from a well-educated Negro,
Dr. Love, Marcus realized that he had the chance to improve the life of black
workers. This is when he realized he had to devote his life to establishing
a program to enlighten all black people of their opportunities in this world.
(Cronon, pg.11-14) Garvey, then went to Costa Rica where he anticipated making enough money to
come back to Jamaica and start his organization. But he continued to travel
and went to Limon, Panama, and London were he established a few newspapers and
saw the conditions of black people in various places. In 1914, Garvey came home
to Jamaica and was ready to start his program and liberate his race. Garvey
was determined that the black man would not continue to be kicked about by
all the other races and nations of the world, and a new world of black men,
not peons, serfs, dogs, and slaves, but a nation of sturdy men making their
impress upon civilization and causing a new light to dawn upon the human
race. (Cronon, 16) With these motives Garvey entitled his organization the Universal Negro Improvement
and Conservation Association and African Communities League. He wanted to bring
the black race together and show the people how to have race pride and love.
(Cronon, pg.14-16) In Jamaica, Garvey started his movement but did not find the support he
wished for from the black community. Many black people disliked him, because
they did not want to classify themselves as Negros. Ironically in Jamaica
his largest supporters were white, they wanted to better the life of the Negros
in Jamaica. This did not discourage Garvey and he decided to see if could receive
more support for his program in the United States. He wrote to the founder of
the Tuskegee Institute and received an eager invitation to come to the United
States to share their ideas. He went to the United States on March 23, 1916,
hoping to seek help from Booker T. Washington, but by the time Garvey got to
the United States Washington passed away. (Cronon, pg. 18-20) When Garvey got to New York, he found many Negro Americans were eager to hear
what he had to say, because he got there at a time when there were not many
opportunities for black people. There was an enormous difference in the reaction
of the Negros in Jamaica and the United States, but Garvey saw the conditions
in both countries to be the primary reason. It was just at the end of World
War I and many people in the United States did not have any way to improve their
life. As well with the abolishment of slavery, there was an increase in mobility
out of the South. (Cronon, pg. 21-22) Marcus was a powerful radical black leader
that many found inspiring to follow. He established the Negro World,
newspaper so he could express his ideas and philosophies; Garveys motto
was "One God, One Aim, One Destiny." Garvey also set off to establish
his international organization, which he knew, would rise. The U.N.I.A (Universal
Negro Improvement Association.) was founded in 1917 and contained 2,000 members
within three weeks. (Cronon, pg.43, 46-46) The U.N.I.A. was established so Marcus could promote his famous slogan "Africa
for the Africans," and encourage his back to Africa movement. Garveys
organization was growing at such a large pace. He was even traveling around
the United States to further branch out the association. The Negros
World carried news that spread the activities of the U.N.I.A. to many people;
this helped keep the organization together and efficient. The newspaper encouraged
the subscribers and let them express their ideas on various issues, if they
wanted to mail in an article it was accepted and appreciated. (Clarke pg.9) Garvey also formed the Black Star Line Steamship Company to transport black
people back to Africa. There was stock sold for this company to any black person
that had the desire to travel back to Africa. This was Garveys way of
putting his words in action. (Clarke, pg.95) Many people thought the idea of
actually buying a boat to transport people back to Africa was a ridiculous idea,
but Garvey did not let this stop him. He purchased his first ship, named the
Yarmouth, which could hold 1,452 gross tons. It took the Yarmouth time to get
the necessary funds to go on its first voyage, but in November 1919 the ship
was ready for its first voyage. (Cronon, pg.53) Later the Black Star Line bought
three more ships and with struggle these voyages continued to Africa. Most of
Garveys voyages, including his first, had a few problems it had to overcome
before sailing out to the sea. Garvey had problems both insuring and financing
the ships. Also, his only support came from his followers and was looked down
upon by the majority of the population. On January 12, 1922, the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover arrested Garvey of mail
fraud and stock irregularities related to the Black Star Line. J. Edgar Hoover
was very eager to destroy all black radicals; he had strong intentions of terminating
Marcus Garveys movement. At first, he was looking to charge Garvey with
criminal activity, but could only accuse him of mail fraud. Hoover sent secret
agents into Garveys gatherings to investigate his actions. Hoover went
as far as trying to deny Garvey a visa when he was coming back to United States
from Central America and the West Indies. Garvey was able to get a visa, but
Hoover did succeed in ending Garveys career in the United States. When
Garvey was arrested he tried to appeal his convictions, but they were never
accepted. President Calvin Coolidge altered his sentence and Garvey was deported
back to Jamaica in 1927. (duCille, 6-8) When Garvey returned home to Jamaica
there were many people that were enthusiastic about his arrival. This gave Garvey
the courage and inspiration to continue spreading his ideas and gathering people
together. Through all of Garveys battles he brought together a race that had no
direction and gave them hope and opportunity. Even though, he was forced to
leave the United States he accomplished the largest black movement in history.
Garveys emphasis on African nationalism is shown through his militant
old Jamaican missionary hymn: Ethiopia, thou land of our fathers, Thou land where the gods loved to be, As storm cloud at night suddenly gathers Our armies come rushing to thee. We must in the fight be victorious When swords are thrust outward to gleam; For us will the victry be glorious When led by the red, black, and green. Advance, advance to victory, Let Africa be free; Advance to meet the foe With the might Of the red, the black, and the green. (Cronon, 68) Garvey passed away on June 10,1940, he was ill for a few years, but stayed strong on the outside. (Clarke, 343) Garvey never gave up hope on his movement and his life impacted his followers when he was alive and his legend lives on in his spirit. PARTIII: MARCUS GARVEYS AFFECT ON RASTAFARIANISM Even though, Garvey could not find as much support in Jamaica as he expected,
he was inspiration to many Rastafarians. Garvey was a major part of the rise
of Rastafarianism and many Rastas look at Garvey as a prophet. In 1916,
when Garvey was leaving Jamaica to go to the United States in his farewell address
he told many Garveyites, "Look to Africa for the crowning of a black king,
he shall be the Redeemer." (Barrett, 67) When Garvey left for the United
States many of his followers still gathered together, but had no leader to follow.
In 1930, Hallie Selassie was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, prior to his crowning
many Garveyites forgot the message Garvey told them when he left, but when Selassie
was crowned it was remembered by many Rastas. The Rastafarians named Hallie
Selassie their king with the inspiration of Garvey, reinforced by passages from
the Bible. (Barrett, 67, 80-81) Many Garveyites in Jamaica were the originators of the Rastafarian movement,
Leonard P. Howell is known as the man that started the first branch of the Rastafarian
movement and he was a Garveyite, as well. In the 1950s there were ships
transporting some Rastas back to Africa. This became part of the philosophy
of Rastafarianism; "the doctrine of the God of Ethiopia and the inevitable
return to Africa was sustained by a steadily growing movement of
people." (Cashmore, 5) For some Rastas, Africa is their desired destination,
but others feel it is where their spiritual roots lie and it brings consciousness
and hope. Garvey felt his movement was successful even if it was only in a spiritual
sense, as long as people were encouraged by the ideas. (Cashmore, 8) The Rastafarian movement has taken the idea of Ethiopianism and incorporated
these beliefs and ideas into their everyday life styles. The Rastas accepted
the idea of Ethiopia as being their savor with the influence of Marcus Garvey.
His inspiring words has created an image of God to the Rastas: If the white man has the idea of a white God, let him worship his God as
he desires. If the yellow mans God is of his race let him worship
his God as he sees fit. We, as Negroes, have found a new ideal. Whilst our
God has no colour, yet it is human to see everything through ones
own spectacles, and since the white people have seen their God through white
spectacles, we have only now started out (late though it be) to see our
God through our own spectacles. The God of Issac and the God of Jacob let
him exist for the race that believe in the God of Issac and the God of Jacob.
We Negroes believe in the God of Ethiopia, the everlasting God- God the
Son, God the Holy Ghost, the one God of all ages. That is the God in whom
we believe, but we shall worship him though the spectacles of Ethiopia.
(Clarke, 382) These words gave the Rastafarians hope and motivation to find their God
in Ethiopia and have pride in their race. It encouraged the people to believe
that they can be their own leaders without the white majority telling them who
to worship and follow. This idea was one of the principle philosophies of Garveyism.
The Rastafarian religion allows its followers to choose their own paths
to live their lives by. It does not have one strict set of commandments, but
rather Rastas create their own ideals to follow. In the 1960s, Rastafarians
sent ten recommendations to the government in Jamaica and Garvey stimulated
the first recommendation. It stated, the government of Jamaica should send a mission to African countries to
arrange for immigration of Jamaicans. Representatives of Ras Tafari brethren
should be included in the mission. (Barrett, 100) The government never established this mission, but some Rastafarian leaders
went to Africa to get a sense of its culture. These recommendations helped the
Rastas create their own set of commandments and most people feel this
voyage to Africa is very important. It is significant because it gives the people
hope that one day they will find Zion. This term Zion is used to represent the
Rastas homeland and promise-land. (Barrett, 118) Another belief that many Rastas follow is that "the white person
is inferior to the black person." (Barrett, 113) This idea of black supremacy
was expressed in many of Garveys writings and speeches. In the African
Fundamental, Garvey begins by stating, Marcus Garveys Legend, its Influence, Accomplishments,
and Effects on the Rastafarian Movement and Reggae Musicians
Meredith Parmett
The time has come for the Negro to forget and cast behind his hero worship and adoration of other races, and to start out immediately, to create and emulate heroes of his own. (http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/lifesamp.htm)
For many black people the idea of black dominance is very hard to imagine because they have been oppressed for so many years. This concept is very important for many Rastas because it gives them a feeling of empowerment and dignity. This idea of white people being inferior can sound harsh to white people, but for a group of people that have been exploited for so long it is a way to give them the power to stand up to their oppressors.
Garvey felt that black people always had to be aware of white injustice. Garvey expressed these feelings in a poem entitled "Tragedy of White Injustice." The message Garvey was sending was for black people to have faith in their race and not trust white people. An excerpt from the poem is:
Always be on your guard against him with whatsoever he does or says. Never take chances with him. His school books in the elementary schools, in the high schools, in the colleges and universities are all fixed up to suit his own purposes,
to put him on top of other people. Dont trust him. Beware! Beware!
(http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/lifesamp.htm- "Tragedy of White Injustice")
For Rastafarians, along with many other black people, the white man is looked at as the oppressor. Due to this historical trend it is hard for Rastas to befriend white people, but in todays society Rastas are more accepting towards white people on an individual basis. In some situations, white people would have to express to the Rasta that they are not prejudice or racist towards the black race, before they will feel comfortable establishing a friendship. (Barrett, 115)
The colors of the Rastafarian movement are red, black, and green, each of these colors have there own unique meaning to Rastafarians. These colors also represented Marcus Garveys movement. The red represents the Church Triumphant, this is the church of the Rastas; it also is a symbol for the blood of all persecuted black people. Jamaicas population is ninety-eight percent African descent, this is why black is a very significant color to all Rastas. It represents the color of the skin of Africans. The color green represents the beauty and vegetation in Ethiopia. The color yellow or gold is also significant in the lives of many Rastafarians, it represents the wealth of their homeland. Rastas characterize their movement and identify with these colors, some combined red, black, and green and others associate with red, yellow or gold, and green. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bill/e3039m/students/marley/history/rastafar/symbols.html. Marcus Garvey influenced Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, and the ANC of South Africa to use these colors as their official colors. This made Rastafarians feel they were more connected to their brothers and sisters in Africa, because these colors represent their unique identity. (http://www.ritesofpassage.org/g-rasta.htm)
Marcus Garveys influence on the Rastafarian movement is portrayed in so many ways. Even though he himself was not a Rasta, he was born in Jamaica and showed Rastas they can succeed in uprising against their oppressors without any initial wealth or prestige. Garvey brought economic and cultural self-reliance into many peoples lives. He started a movement that ended up being the largest black movement in history. As well, he gave Rastafarians the stimulation to create their movement and identify with their race.
PART IV: MARCUS GARVEYS INFLUENCE ON REGGAE MUSICANS
Reggae musicians feel that music is a way to spread consciousness to their listeners. The sounds and lyrics of reggae music have a very profound meaning to every individual listener. Music is a way for people to express their feelings, for black people the oppression they have been through has lead to this deep meaning behind reggae music. It is what opened their voices to the world and let other people hear their message. "The music of Rastafarians is not only an artistic creation in the Jamaican society, but an expression of deep-seated social rage." (Barrett, 197) It is also about remembering the past, this is why many reggae musicians speak of the prophet Marcus Garvey. They do not want his memory to fade away with history, even though he has passed away many years ago his wisdom is constantly being spread.
Burning Spear (also known as Winston Rodney) was born in St. Anns Bay, Jamaica the same town Marcus Garvey grew up in. He is known as one of the originators of roots reggae.
Throughout his illustrious career, Spear has spread love and peace through his music and has endeavored to educate and provoke free thought. His music is infused with a philosophy that combines roots, the idea that we are all one with each other and with nature; culture, the tie that binds us to the past, and history, the spiritual record of our quest for divine consciousness.
(wysiwyg://22/http://weeklywire.com/ww/08-25-97/alibi_music1.html)
Burning Spear is an artist that is determined to empower his listeners and has three main themes in his music, which are the oppression of the black race, Marcus Garvey, and the repatriation of Africa. (Rough Guide, 86)
Marcus Garvey had a large affect on Burning Spears music, mind, and life. Burning Spear got the motivation from Garvey to have direction in his music. This is why Burning Spear knew that he did not want to only sing to his audience, but be a teacher to them. Burning Spear spoke with many elders in his town and knew he needed to spread Marcus Garveys word to as many people as he could. Many musicians felt they should not speak of Garvey because it was to philosophical, but once Spear opened the door by releasing an album in dedication to Garvey more artists started speaking of him in their songs. (Nazareth, pg. 1-2) Burning Spear expresses this feeling in his song "Old Marcus Garvey,"
No one remember old Marcus Garvey,
No one remember him, no one
they been talking about Paul Bogle,
They been talking about William Goddon
They been talking about Norman Washington Manley,
including Bustamante
Noone remember old Marcus Garvey
Noone remember old Marcus Garvey
Then Burning Spear goes on to say:
Children, children, children, children
Humble yourself and become one day somehow
You will remember him you will
The end of the song shows that it is important for the youth to keep in mind the struggles that Garvey had to go through and the accomplishments he made for the black race.
Spear also entitled one of his songs "Marcus Garvey." This song was written to show the dedication Garvey had to his people. The lyrics to this song started out by stating the fact that at one time Rastas were lacking the essentials to life, such as money and food. Then goes on to state:
Son of Satan, First prophesy,
Catch them, Garvey old
Catch them Garvey, catch them
Hold them Marcus, hold them
Marcus Garvey, Marcus
I feel these lines can be interpreted in two different ways. One way is that Marcus Garvey tried to "catch and hold" the white race and not let them take over the black race and suppress them any longer. Another way I think one can interpret these lyrics is Marcus was trying to "catch" the black race and "hold" them together and unit the race as one. The important aspect of this song is the thought it provokes, it forces the listener to think of Garvey and the actions he pursued to fully understand the meaning behind the lyrics.
After the release of this album, Burning Spear was now known as an African teacher and prophet. He is now determined to spread Garveyism, Spear states, "Youths are not taught Marcus Garvey, I feel dem never knew him, but I musically help people know Marcus." (http://penduluminc.com/MM/articles/spear.html) Spear feels the message of his music is so important to bring spiritual and cultural awareness. He wants to uplift his audience and give them knowledge. Spear says,
People should know Rasta, but they dont take the time to gain full overstanding. Culture and style is totally different from our historical view, for many people do things knowing that whatsoever they do is not right or appropriate, then they try to break it down, saying that its part of the culture I think its about time we take a deep look and see whats going on in Rastafari, history and culture. (http://penduluminc.com/MM/articles/spear.html)
This is why Spear refers to so many great leaders in his music and gains pride on his title as a teacher not just an artist. (http://penduluminc.com/MM/articles/spear.html)
Burning Spear is not the only reggae artist that refers to Marcus Garvey in their music. There are many examples where reggae artists are referring to Marcus Garvey as a prophet. For example, Max Romeo, Culture, Macka B, and Mutabaruka are a few artists that have written songs on Marcus Garvey. Max Romeos song "War in A Babylon refers to Garvey as a prophecy along with Cultures song "Two Sevens Clash." Cultures song shows Garveys power, ability to influence a group of people, and expressed the feeling many Rastas have towards him, that he is a divine prophet. This shown in Cultures lyrics:
Marcus Garvey was inside at
Spanish Town district prison
And when they were about to take him out
He prophecied and said:
As I have passed through this gate
No other prisoner shall enter and get through
And so it is until now
The gate has been locked, so what?
As well, in Macka Bs song "Garvey Story," he speaks of Marcuss determination and suggests to Spike Lee to turn Garveys story into a movie. This shows how Macka B feels that people should be educated on Garveys accomplishments.
Mutabaruka also sings a songs dedicated to Garvey called "Garvey." After reading the lyrics to this song I felt they were extremely powerful and bold. Mutabaruka is known for his dub and dancehall music. His music brings awareness and show passion. (Barrow and Dalton, pg.196) The song "Garvey" starts with these lyrics:
Garvey, garvey rise agen
teck wi from dis evil den
Garvey, garvey rescue wi
from disyah ideology
marcus garvey risin from earth
like moses pick fron birth
com children say it loud
mek dem know wi still black an proud
Im black and Im proud
I feel these lyrics are powerful because it shows that Garvey gave the Rastas the ability to be proud of their race and identity. I also think it is interesting how Mutabaruka tells the children to "say it loud, Im black and proud," this shows how he is trying to spread Marcuss message to the youth of today. This is so important because the youth is what needs to have the pride for it to continue. Mutabaruka also says "Afrika for Afrikans," this is one of Marcuss famous slogan and the basic philosophy behind his movement. Mutabaruka looks at the world with an Africentric point of view. This is due to the influence of Garveyism has had on his life. He congregated at the Kingston Technical School and spoke with Marcus Garvey Junior, Amy (Jaques) Garvey, Marcus Garveys son and wife, and fellow students to speak of books and many different aspects of the back to Africa movement. This encouraged Mutabaruka to write this song about Marcus Garvey. He believes in the lyrics of his music and is very proud to be black. (http://cri.cipnet.de/mut-sub2.htm)
Many reggae artists speak of the back to Africa movement throughout their songs, some specifically talk about Marcus Garvey and others only focus on Africa. Marcus Garvey had an enormous affect on many reggae musicians and showed many black people that they have the strength to express their feelings and spread consciousness to a wide range of listeners. Marcus Garvey is displayed as a prophet in the eyes of many reggae musicians. Although Marcus Garvey has passed away, his spirit will live on through the many reggae artists that are expressing the importance of his movement.
PART V: CONCLUSION
After reading this paper, one can clearly see the impression Marcus Mosiah Garvey made on the lives of so many people. Garveys voyage to the United States created one of the most empowering movements in history. He enlightened so many black people and revealed to them that they can have respect and dignity in their race. Marcus created the UNIA and had numerous goals he wanted it to achieve, in Garveys words he says,
Weve got to teach the American Negro blackness, black ideals, black industry, black United States, and black religion. Blacks of the entire universe, linked up with one determination, that of liberating themselves and freeing the great country of Africa that is ours by right. (Meader and Wepman, pg.1)
These words gave many black people the ability to feel unified and equal. As you saw throughout this paper Garvey did not only affect black people in the United States, but he gave Rastafarians in Jamaica the reassurance to create their own movement, the Rastafarian movement. Garvey was regarded second to Hallie Selassie, the Rastas king of kings. Garveys influence on the Rastafarians is still so apparent, because if one listens to the lyrics in reggae music they will hear Garveys name or movement being acknowledged and spread. With the help of the Rastafarians Garveys name will never be forgotten and his legend will live on forever.
BIBLIOGRAHPY
BOOKS:
Barrett, Leonard, E., The Rastafarians., Massachusetts:
Beacon Press, 1998
Barrow, Steve and Peter Dalton, Reggae The Rough Guide.,
London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1998
Cashmore, E.E., The Rastafarians., London: Publishing Minority Rights Group, 1984
Clarke, John, H., Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa., New York: Random House, 1973
Cronon, Edmund, D., Black Moses., London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1969
Internet: websites
Marcus Garvey: Life and Lesson, Editorial by Marcus Gravey: "African Fundamentalism", http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/lifesamp.html, 4/6/00
Marcus Garvey: Life and Lesson, Editorial by Marcus Gravey: "Tragedy of White Injustice," http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/lifesamp.html, 4/6/00
Rastafarianism, http://www.ritesofpassage.org/g-rasta.htm, 4/10/00
Rasta symbols, http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bill/e309m/students/marley/history/rastafar/symbols.html, 4/8/00
Mutabaruka interview, Carter Van Pelt, 1998, http://cri.cipnet.de/mut-sub2.htm, 4/8/00
African Teacher, Michael Henningsen, August 25, 1997, wysiwyg://22/http://weeklywire.com/ww/08-25-97/alibi_music1/html, 4/10/00
The Music Monitor: The African Teacher, Burning Spear, James Shields, http://penduluminc.com/MM/articles/spear.html, 4/10/00
Rhythm and News Magazine: Sizzling Conversation with Burning Spear, George Fletcher, http://rhthmandnews.com/Burning_Spear.html, 4/10/00
Lexus Nexis:
DuCille, Michel, "Black Moses, Red Scare; The Clash of Marcus Garvey and J. Edgar Hoover," Horizon: pg.Ho1, The Washington Post: February 12, 1997
Nazareth, Errol, "Spear Carries Message Reggae Legend Inspired by the Ideals of Marcus Garvey," Entertainment: pg. 7, World Beats, Toronto Sun Publishing Corporation: August 15, 1997
Weiss, Hedy, "Black Star Line, Preparing to Sail," FTR;Critics Notebook: pg, 43, Chicago Sun Times, Inc., December 21, 1995