PBIO 109 - 2012
alternate, palmately compound leaves with stipules
AP Airport Park
BNA
Beach at end of North Ave
CW Centennial Woods 6/12
EAH Ethan Allen Homestead 6/14
EAP Ethan Allen Park
LCC Lake Champlain Canoe
NB North Beach
OL Oakledge
6/13
RR
Red Rocks
SB Shelburne Bay
UVM1 6/11 (beyond the parking lot)
UVM2
walk from Torrey Hall to Jeffords
FAMILY CHARACTERS
~alternate, compound leaves
~expanded petiole base
~celery essential oil
Rosaceae
~alternate, palmately compound leaves;
~canes last two years, flower the second,
~stipules are precocious
Balsaminaceae
~annual
~glaucous and glabrous
Cornaceae
~arcuate secondary veins, tertiary veins perpendicular to midrib
MONOCOT FEATURES
~parallel leaf veins
~sympodial branching (constant surrender of dominance)
TOXIN is a cardiac glycoside (smooth muscle stimulator, impact is on heart function)
Rhamnaceae
~indecisive leaves (vary from alternate to opposite with position on shoot)
Berberidaceae
~SHARP THINGS: leaf transformed into spine
Apocynaceae
opposite leaves, white latex --- two characters define one family in Vermont
Ranunculaceae
Cornus, Cornaceae
petals 4, radial, separate (sepals the same)
stames = petals
disk present (nectar secretion)
inferior ovary
petals separate, stamens = petals, disk present (orange)
3-carpel compound pistil
Rubiaceae
4 fused petals, radial symmetry
inferior ovary
long-styled and short-styled flowers
five fused petals, bilateral symmetry, inferior ovary
equitant leaves (right image)
two whorls of tepals
three stamens
hypanthium
styles are petal-like (petaloid)
inferior ovary
key family characters in bold
15. calla lily, Calla Araceae
16. Sagittaria Alismataceae
17. arrow leaf, Sparganium Sparganiaceae
18. cat-tail: Typha, Typhaceae
19. sedge, Carex, Cyperaceae
20. reed canary grass, Phalaris, Poaceae
key characters for the family:
square stems
opposite leaves
2 carpels, 4 nutlets
ASTERID CHARACTER SET
~connate corolla
~stamens = or < sepal or petal number
~stamens adnate to corolla
~carpels 2
key characters for the family:
alternate, simple leaves
four nutlets
Asterid character set
dioecious plants! (species character)
key characters for the family:
swollen nodes
stamens twice the petals
free-central placentation
marginal
- pea (Pisum, Leguminosae)
axile
- okra (Abelmoschus, Malvaceae)
parietal
- papaya (Carica, Caricaceae)
- melon (Cucumis, Cucurbitaceae)
axile and parietal
- bell pepper (Solanum, Solanaceae)
kernels are ripened ovaries, silk is styles, one per ovary; pollen is caught by silk, gows down the silk
berries
- tomato (Lycopersicon, Solanaceae)
- avocado (Persea, Lauraceae)
drupes
- nectarine (Prunus, Rosaceae)
- cherry (Prunus, Rosaceae)
- date (Phoenix, Palmae)
drupes in clusters
- raspberry (Rubus)
fleshy hairs in locules - orange (Citrus, Rutaceae)
fleshy hypanthium - apple (Malus, Rosaceae)
fleshy receptacle - strawberry (Fragaria, Rosaceae)
fleshy inflorescence - pineapple (Ananas, Bromeliaceae)
fleshy placenta - banana
(Musa, Musaceae)
(Cocos, Palmae)
brown shell is teh seed coat, milk and meat are endosperm; embryo is under the soft hole, buried in the meat
KEY CHARACTERS
four petals
six stamens (two short, four long)
KEY CHARACTERS
no fusion in flower
palmately lobed or compound leaves
KEY CHARACTERS
opposite simple leaves
stamens equal and opposite the petals
KEY CHARACTERS
Asterid character set:
connate corolla
stamens adnate to the corolla
stamens = or fewer than corolla parts
carpels two
with flowers (same as #1)
FAMILY CHARACTERS (FLORAL)
stamens twice the petals
1 simple pistil
fruit a legume
hypanthium long and narrow for sphinx moths
FAMILY CHARACTERS
flower parts in fours
hypanthium
inferior ovary
FAMILY CHARACTERS
palmate leaves
stellate hairs
valvate calyx
contorted corolla
many stamens
connate filaments
FAMILY CHARACTERS
Asterid Character Set
bilateral symmetry
does not have four nutlets.
FAMILY CHARACTERS
opposite leaves, swollen nodes
stamens twice the petals
separate styles on one ovary
KEY CHARACTERS FOR ROSACEAE
alternative leaves
stipules
hypanthium
many stamens
no fusion in gynoecium
KEY CHARACTER clear, interior glands
KEY CHARACTERS
opposite or whorled leaves
asterid character set
radial symmetry
inferior ovary
FAMILY CHARACTERS
~alternate leaves
~latex
~inferior ovary
~connate corolla (asterid)
~stamens = petals (asterid)
~carpels three (rare in asterids, 2 is typical)
Onagraceae
FAMILY CHARACTERS
~inferior ovary
~hypanthium
ANOMALOUS CHARACTERS
~flower parts not in fours
~stamens = petals
This is a hoverfly flower ---- the pollination syndrome drove the number change.
much like a mint, but no mint essential oils and ovary with one ovule in one locule instead of four in two locules
biogeography, see Nie et al. 2006, Amer. J. Bot.
~undifferentiated perianth
~laminar stamens
~many of everything in flower
DERIVED FEATURE: connate carpels
~two whorls of tepals
~nine stamens
~six carpels fused only at bottom of ovary
~imperect flowers, monoecious plants
~3 sepals, 3 petals~10-12 laminar stamens
~inferior ovary, variable carpel number (connate carpels)
PRIMITIVE CHARACTERS
~undifferentiated perianth
~many stamens
SPECIALIZED CHARACTERS
~connate gynoecium
~laminar stamens (for beetle pollination)