Study Guide for Exam 2, Biology 2 --- 2003

Remember: this is a guide for identifying what you need to know, not a list of what you have to know – your notes define what you need to know. As usual, work to make your notes as good a manuscript of the lecture material as possible by reading, comparing your notes with those of friends, and asking questions of me via email or wherever.

Remember: the commonest kind of error is not reading the exam carefully.

A comment about my answers. Ordinarily, there is only one correct answer. In almost every case where someone comes to me thinking there are two correct answers, they have not read the question or the answers carefully and have missed the sense of the statements in the questions.

THE ASCENT OF SAP IN TREES

Know the difference between the apoplastic and symplastic pathway, including the role of the plasmodesmata.

Understand the design and function of the endodermis.

Know the components (tissues and cells) of the vascular cylinder and their functions; know the structure and function of the tracheary elements as well as the difference in structure and function of the tracheids and vessel elements.

Know the structure and composition of the cell wall.

Know the interior architecture of the leaf.

For the leaf, know the design of each layer and its functional significance.

Know the photosynthesis reaction, where the reactants are coming from, and where the oxygen goes.

Know the design of the chloroplast and the functional parts of chlorophyll.

Understand the significance of the palisade mesophyll being elongate.

Know the function of the spongy mesophyll, the boundary between liquid and gas phases where evaporation takes place, and the significance of the teabag analogy in helping to understand the boundary.

Have the basics of the cohesion-adhesion-transpiration theory down. Understand the significance of cohesion (of water), adhesion (of water to cellulose), and evaporation to the idea. Have a general idea of how these three characteristics lead to the lifting of water as water evaporates from spongy mesophyll cells.

Remember - evaporation is the passage of water out of the spongy-mesophyll cell wall into the interior atmosphere, transpiration can refer to either the whole process of lifting water or, though not covered in class, it can refer to the movement of water out of stomates.

.

Know guard cell structure. Know the steps in stomate opening, making sure that you understand how potassium pump enzymes get turned on and how they bring about shape-change of the guard cells.

5. FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Ch. 38

Know the structure of flowers, especially the structures of stamen and pistil (remember - we are usin pistil instead of carpel). Know the functions of each structure.

Know the developmental biology of male and female gametophytes.

Know the events in pollination and fertilization. Know the fate of each of the components of ovary and ovule in the fruit and seed.

Understand the role of precise placement in improving pollination efficiency.

Know the terms for variation in pollen flow and distribution of stamens and pistils in flowers and on plants.

Know how imperfect flowers promote outcrossing.

Know how perfect flowers separate stamen and pistil function in space (heterostyly) and time (protogyny and protandry).

Know how foxgloves combine protandry with other features to promote outcrossing.

Know the primrose heterostyly story.

Know the characteristics of the pollination syndromes presented.

Good luck and work hard and think. Remember, my email is dbarring@zoo.uvm.edu.