Chapter 17 From gene to protein

• Explain how RNA differs from DNA.
• Diagram the flow of information from gene to protein.
• Distinguish between transcription and translation.
• Describe where transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes.
• Define codon and explain what relationship exists between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
• Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
• Explain what having a nearly universal genetic code means.
• Explain the process of transcription including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.
• Describe the general role of RNA polymerase in transcription.
• Explain how eukaryotic mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
• Distinguish among the three types of RNA and know the role that each plays in translation.
• Given a sequence of bases in DNA, predict the corresponding codons transcribed on mRNA and the corresponding anticodons of tRNA.
• Describe the process of translation including initiation, elongation and termination.
• Describe how proteins are modified after translation.
• Describe how some antibiotics can destroy a microbial invader without harming the human host.
• Explain how somatic mutations and germ-line mutations affect subsequent generations.
• Explain the two different events that result in a point mutation.
• Explain the difference between a missense, nonsense and a frame-shift mutation.
• Explain the evolutionary significance of mutations.