40 Octavian, helped by M. Agrippa and Salvidienus, overcame
opposition early in the year, spared Antonius' relatives
Arguments were settled by Maecenas and Asinius Pollio
Treaty of Brundisium
Antonius kept East
Octavian took over Gaul
Lepidus kept Africa
Antonius warned Octavian about Salvidienus, who was recalled and
killed
Since Fulvia had died, Antonius confirmed the agreement by a family
alliance, and married Octavia
War with Sex. Pompeius was the next big problem
39 Octavian and others gave Pompeius recognition (he had Sicily and
Sardinia), and proconsular command for five years, then he was to have a
promised consulship
The exiles with him were to be restored
Octavian then took Sardinia when Pompeius' governor offered it to him
Cf. aftermath of First Punic War
In the ensuing war, Octavian lost at first until he made Agrippa his
admiral
38 The Triumvirate was renewed until the end of 33
36 Sex. Pompeius was defeated and fled to Asia, where he was
killed
Lepidus had aided Octavian against Pompeius, and received Pompeian
troops in Sicily, then claimed Sicily and told Octavian to leave
The soldiers didn't want to fight, deserted to
Octavian
Octavian spared Lepidus and let him remain Pontifex Maximus
But Lepidus had no more triumviral powers
35-3 Octavian's campaigns in Illyricum: glory, NE frontier, piracy
in Adriatic
33 On return to Rome, Octavian embarked upon building and social
programs:
New buildings, good water, cheap food
Expulsion of astrologers and magicians
Banishment of eastern religious rites
Restoration of old Roman shrines and temples
Octavian alone ruled the west, and was beginning to acquire adherents besides Caesarians and revolutionaries
39 Pollio had secured Macedon
39-8 Ventidius drove out invading Parthians from Asia and
Anatolia
37 Antonius installed Herod as King of Judaea
He sent Octavia, who was pregnant, back to Italy
Cleopatra came to Antioch with the twins, whom Antonius renamed
Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene
He gave Cleopatra control of Coele-Syria, Cyprus,
part of Cilicia
He set up client kings in other parts: Galatia,
Pontus, Cappadocia
Spring 36 Antonius sent Cleopatra (expecting Ptolemy
Philadelphus) home
Antonius then invaded Parthia
He marched through Armenia to Median capital near Tabriz
He had to withdraw because his artillery train was
defeated
A month's retreat to Armenia was accomplished with
hardships; he lost many men, but saved many too
He accepted Cleopatra's supplies for his army, but
not Octavia's
34 Antonius invaded Armenia and captured King Artavasdes, whom he
blamed for loss of artillery
Armenia became a Roman province for two years
But Crassus' defeat at Carrhae was not avenged
Autumn 34: Antonius went to Alexandria
"Donations of Alexandria":
He named Caesarion the legitimate son of Caesar, thus invalidating
Octavian's adoption, which was contingent upon Caesar having left no male
heir
In his capacity at triumvir, he parcelled out provinces to
Cleopatra, Caesarion, and Cleopatra's other children
This didn't go over well at Rome and Octavian seized
upon the opportunity to create ill-will
32 Both consuls supported Antonius: but in his own interest
They would not ask the Senate to ratify his eastern
accommodations
They did try for a vote to censure Octavian, but a
tribune vetoed
Octavian defended himself, verbally and physically
The consuls and 300 senators went east to join Antonius
Antonius divorced Octavia, Octavian read Antonius' will in public
More propaganda against Antonius: Octavian alleged that he would move the
capital of the empire to Alexandria, that he was behaving as a regular eastern
tyrant
Communities in Italy and the western provinces made an oath of allegiance
(coniuratio) to Octavian's person (rather than to the state)
This was spontaneous, with a little
encouragement
Antonius was deprived of the consulship for 31, thus had no official
position
Octavian declared war on Cleopatra
Antonius' following included many leading men
Cleopatra was a liability, but she had the money
31 Octavian with the remaining senators went to meet Antonius in
Greece
Octavian's army was entrenched north of Actium, couldn't be moved
Antonius gave up land operations, decided to try a decision by naval
action
He was blockaded in the Bay of Actium by Octavian's fleet
30 Octavian went to Egypt, occupied Alexandria
Antonius and Cleopatra committed suicide
Donations of Alexandria were cancelled, but the children survived except
two:
Antyllus (Antony's oldest son with Fulvia) and Caesarion
Egypt became a special Roman province; its first governor was C. Cornelius
Gallus, who is also known as a poet
Eastern provinces were re-established
11 January 29 Doors of the temple of Janus were
closed, indicating peace throughout Roman territory