{"id":937,"date":"2022-09-04T10:08:46","date_gmt":"2022-09-04T14:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.seagrant.w3.uvm.edu\/2022\/09\/04\/wetland-forest-buffers-for-birds\/"},"modified":"2025-10-22T17:49:10","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T21:49:10","slug":"wetland-forest-buffers-for-birds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/seagrant\/2022\/09\/04\/wetland-forest-buffers-for-birds\/","title":{"rendered":"Wetland Forest Buffers for Birds"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\tCassie Wolfanger, Conservation Research Fellow with Audubon Vermont<\/a>, in partnership with\u00a0Lake Champlain Sea Grant<\/a>, wrote this piece, originally for Audubon Vermont, to share suggestions from scientific literature for best native plants, strategic site locations, and ideal buffer structure and scale that are important for enhancing bird habitat in riparian, or wetland, areas.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n\t\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n\tRe-establishment of riparian forest buffers has become a common means to combat loss or damage in woodland areas next to streams, rivers, and wetlands. However, not all buffers are created equal, and there are several bird-friendly considerations that are easy to incorporate into existing restoration plans that can help get the greatest biodiversity bang for your buck.<\/p>\n

\n\tYou might wonder: What site preparation is needed? Which native plants that prefer wet areas are best for birds? How large does a buffer need to be to support most birds? How long after a planting can you expect to see a response in birds?<\/p>\n

\n\tBecause riparian areas reside at the land-water interface, they serve as essential terrestrial-aquatic energy linkages, in which the quality of habitat and food affects bird diet, fitness, and reproductive success. Flying insects, many of which have aquatic larval stages, can be up to twice as abundant in riparian buffers compared to bare shorelines (Whitaker et al. 1999). This is particularly important for migratory species dependent on refuel during stopovers.\u00a0The type and size of the water source (i.e., wetland, river, stream, lake, or pond), as well as the habitat within the riparian buffer (e.g., diversity of tree species, availability of nest and perch sites, flood frequency) can greatly affect which birds are found there.<\/p>\n

\n\tSpecies like the Northern Parula, and Alder, Least, and Great-crested Flycatchers are likely to be found only near streams with a thick understory of shrubs, whereas the Pileated Woodpecker can be found in nearly any type of mature riparian forest, as long as large trees are available for nest cavities. Among the earliest migrant warblers, the Louisiana Waterthrush nests right in the streambank and requires moving freshwater in clear, perennial streams in mature deciduous or mixed forests.<\/p>\n

\n\tIn general, headwater streams have more neotropical migrants dependent on undisturbed forest, and larger streams have more generalist birds that tolerate edges and disturbed habitat (Miller et al. 1997). While birds benefit from riparian buffers, they can contribute to the restoration process itself through seed dispersal (Ortega-\u00c1lvarez et al. 2012) and serving as bio-indicators of healthy functioning ecosystems in assessments of post-implementation success (Bryce and Hughes 2002; Ormerod and Tyler 1993).<\/p>\n

\n\tAudubon Vermont is one of many conservation organizations that have been steadfast in supporting these restoration efforts with bird habitat needs in mind. As a state program of the National Audubon Society, their mission is to protect birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow through conservation, advocacy, education, and community involvement, including with an active network of more than 10,000 members. Increasingly, riparian areas have been recognized as important resources for bird migration, feeding, and breeding. Below are some of the recommendations Audubon encourages when considering restoration in riparian areas. To read more about this type of work from Audubon on-the-ground, check out these articles on projects at\u00a0Philo Ridge Farm<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0EarthKeep Farmcommon<\/a>\u00a0(formerly known as Nordic Farm).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n\tRemoving invasive vegetation to prepare sites<\/h2>\n

\n\tThe first step in riparian restoration is to control invasive vegetation since its presence and level of infestation impact the quantity and quality of food for birds. Non-native plants that have not co-evolved with native insect communities essentially become insect deserts, supporting up to 96% less caterpillar biomass than native vegetation (Richard et al. 2019).<\/p>\n

\n\tThis is catastrophic given that 95% of terrestrial bird species rear their young on insects and need a lot of them (even if they eat seeds or fruits as adults). Black-capped Chickadees for example, need 6,000\u20139,000 caterpillars over 16\u201318 days to raise an average clutch to maturity (Tallamy 2017).<\/p>\n

\n\tThe fruits of non-native vegetation are also poor in nutritional quality compared to native alternatives. Two aggressive\u00a0invaders in Vermont\u2014common buckthorn and bush honeysuckle\u2014are particularly bad for birds. Common buckthorn fruits have a laxative property, which limits birds\u2019 ability to absorb nutrients and spreads the seeds more rapidly. Berries produced by bush honeysuckle are too sugary and not fatty enough to sustain birds in long flights during migration.<\/p>\n

\n\tNative plant selection for birds in riparian areas<\/h2>\n

\n\tRiparian buffers that replicate natural areas with diverse native species of mixed height and age classes contain the vertical structure and composition most beneficial for birds. But because not all native plants pack the same biodiversity value, meaning some support more diverse insect communities or better berries than others, we can be strategic about selecting \u201csuperstar\u201d species to plant for restoration.<\/p>\n

\n\tThe\u00a0Quercus\u00a0genus leads the\u00a0flock on hosting over 500 species of caterpillars, and Vermont has 11 native oak species. The\u00a0Prunus\u00a0genus\u2014cherries, plums, etc.\u2014is not far behind, supporting over 390 caterpillar species. Maples, yellow birch, sycamore, American elm, red cedar, and hackberry are also all great choices for fruit and seed production.<\/p>\n

\n\tFor shrubs, native willows (pussy, silky, sandbar, wooly-headed, and black) host 370+ species of caterpillars. Dogwoods, especially silky or red-osier,\u00a0that like their feet wet in riparian areas, produce excellent berries that ripen throughout the summer. Speckled alder also thrives in wet soils and their catkins provide early-season food. You can\u2019t go wrong with other native berry shrubs such as elderberry, serviceberry, winterberry holly, bridal wreath spirea, and many in the\u00a0Viburnum\u00a0genus: highbush blueberry, highbush cranberry, or nannyberry.<\/p>\n

\n\tHow wide should a buffer be to support birds?<\/h2>\n

\n\tOf course, the wider the buffer the more birds it likely supports, but what is a minimum width we can aim for to support most species? Ten to thirty\u00a0meters might\u00a0satisfy\u00a0physical, chemical, and aquatic\u00a0biological integrity of small streams, such as subsurface nutrient removal, sediment trapping, erosion protection, water temperature reduction, and macro-invertebrate and fish communities (Sweeny and Newbold 2014), but much wider buffers are usually needed for terrestrial habitat (Broadmeadow and Nisbet 2004).<\/p>\n

\n\tBirds that prefer edge habitat or transitional zones, such as the Northern Cardinal, Brown Thrasher, Gray Catbird, and Northern Mockingbird use almost any size buffer. Other species, such as the\u00a0Scarlet Tanager, that are limited to large expanses of forested riparian habitat, may need buffers in excess of 150 meters wide. Species with\u00a0intermediate requirements, such as the\u00a0Hairy Woodpecker and Red-eyed Vireo, may be found somewhere in between, such as in smaller forested buffers of 50 meters.<\/p>\n

\n\tSpackman and Hughes (1995) suggests that a 150-meter buffer is recommended to include 90% of the total bird species they observed in six mid-order streams in Vermont. However, there is great variability in the literature on minimum recommended buffer widths for birds, meaning buffer width alone is a poor standard for restoration design (Fischer, 2000). More importantly, the rate of increased bird abundance after restoration has been shown as a function of the number of tree species planted (diversity), the number of trees planted per hectare (density), and the percent riparian forest within 500 meters (proximity and connection to existing intact habitat; Gardali and Holmes 2011).<\/p>\n

\n\tHow long after a planting will birds come to use it?<\/h2>\n

\n\tIt is hard not to be eager to know if our management efforts have been successful. All restored areas are providing habitat, but certain bird species might reflect successional stage. Just like young forests, there are pioneer bird species that come first, often dominating, then later colonizers will appear, increasing richness and diversity over time (Burges et al. 2010). Although each species has a different response rate to using regenerated habitat, an approximate expectation to see significant population increases in birds may hover around 15 years (Gardali and Holmes 2011).<\/p>\n

\n\tWe must keep in mind that nature does not rush, but it does not rest. It often takes time, many years, to see a response in wildlife, but if we are strategic about species planted, site selection, and restoration scale when we build it, they might just come.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n\tLearn more<\/h2>\n

\n\tThis article’s content was presented as part of the Watershed Forestry Partnership 2022 Annual Practitioner’s Meeting, with a recording available below for\u00a0a session on biodiversity in riparian buffers. The video\u00a0contains 3 presentations: 1) Natural Communities in Vermont, 2) Riparian Buffer Restoration with Birds in Mind, and 3) Pollinators in Riparian Areas.\u00a0<\/p>\n