The National Research Council's Committee on National Statistics, part of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, has a publication, "Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data: Report of a Workshop" edited by Christopher Mackie and Norman Bradburn.
The U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics has a paper by Joan Sieber on its web site, "Summary of Human Subjects Protection Issues Related to Large Sample Surveys" which gives a comprehensive discussion and bibliography of these issues.
The Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM), sponsored by OMB, has produced 2 reports on statistical methods to limit disclosure. "Report on Statistical Disclosure and Disclosure-Avoidance Techniques", 1978 (NTIS PB86-2115/AS) and 22, "Report on Statistical Disclosure Limitation Methodology", 1994 (NTIS PB94-165305) respectively). They can be found them on the FCSM's web site at http://www.fcsm.gov.
FCSM has a standing "Confidentiality and Data Access Committee" (CDAC) which has produced several useful documents. In particular, CDAC's "Checklist on Disclosure Potential of Proposed Data Releases" is a useful resource.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census has recently cooperated with a private press to publish "Confidentiality, Disclosure, and Data Access, Theory and Practical Applications for Statistical Agencies". The book is also based on work by the Committee on National Statistics at the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The book is edited by Pat Doyle, Julia Lane, Jules Theeuwes and Laura Zayatz, and published by Elsevier-North Holland, 2001.