"The scope and diversity of research areas in the behavioral and social sciences is quite broad. Some research is readily applicable to human affairs; other studies may broaden understanding without any apparent or immediate application. Some research is designed to test hypotheses derived from theory; other research is primarily descriptive. Still other research may be directed at evaluating an intervention or social program." (OHRP Guidebook)
For social and behavioral research the "individual participant responses" are the object of the study. Some examples include:
Generally, social and behavioral research refers to research involving beliefs, behavior, or attitudes. Data is often generated by means of questionnaires, review of records, observations, interviews, focus groups, and other non-physical interventions.