Michele Rivkin-Fish

2003

Communism and its Afterlife:

Post-Mortems, Memories, Mutations

The ideological framework known as “The Cold War” bifurcated the world into extreme antinomies—totalitarianism vs. democracy; authoritarianism vs. freedom; planned economy vs. the market; state control vs. civil society—providing a conceptual lens that shaped American public consciousness no less than the public policies of nation-states worldwide. Since 1991, the dominant narrative of the end of that era positions the West as “victor,” and the East as scrambling on a linear trajectory to “catch up” with the West. This evolutionary schema is captured most vividly in the notion that former socialist states are currently undergoing “the transition” to capitalism and democracy. Yet recent scholarship has begun to subject such accounts to critical scrutiny. On the one hand, we are coming to recognize the need to understand similarities between East and West, such as their common use of modern forms of power, utopian beliefs in science and industrialization, and rhetorical focus on mass sovereignty in ways that obscured the limitations placed on local, grassroots power. On another level, scholars have shown that there is no single, evolutionary path of post-Communist “transition.” It is crucial to explore the diverse paths of change occurring in both East and West as local communities respond to neo-liberalism, globalization, and national forces aiming to reconstruct collective identities.

To pursue such goals, this course examines the production of collective memory and forgetting as they play out in interpretations of communism and post-communist change. How do narratives of what communism was, and what its demise has meant, shape the everyday consciousness of Eastern Europeans and Westerners? How are civic organizations, the state, Church, and private people remembering the socialist era and commemorating specific events associated with it? How does the experience of communism fit into national identities, and/or how is it being ignored or erased as part of the post-communist “transition”?

The semester begins by examining the ways communism has been depicted and remembered locally and globally through the genres of historical representation, ethnography, fiction, and film. We then explore how visions of what communism was (and was not) have shaped recent images of reform, re-imaginings of society, and “progress.” Finally, we examine new, neoliberal utopias of transcendence, the ways they have selectively used collective memory for some purposes and generated emerging rituals of transition for others.

Readings draw on the works of scholars, artists, and ordinary citizens both East and West. We examine how they imagined communism and interpreted its collapse, paying attention to differences between Russian and Eastern European actors, on the one hand, and those living under the socialist system, and those in “the West,” on the other.

Travel Component:

As participants in the Bingham Seminar, we are fortunate to have the opportunity to extend our studies beyond the classroom and travel to two former socialist settings to observe and experience life after communism. Our trip will include five major cities in Russia and Poland: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Poznan, Krakow, and Warsaw. In conjunction with our themes of memory and representation, we will strive to ask how the contemporary nation-states of Russia and Poland are providing citizens with the symbolic tools to relate to their pasts, narrate their identities, and/or promote the process of forgetting. We will spend considerable time exploring sites where national history and identity are being actively constructed. Museums and monuments that recount particular aspects of the socialist past or attempt to revive a pre-socialist legacy, will be especially important to this focus. I also aim to introduce students to less obvious arenas where collective representation and memory become invoked, such as the new trend in Russian restaurants to revive pre-Soviet aristocratic cuisine. We will also pay attention to the ways that the socialist period is being erased in the physical landscape, visiting sites where buildings have been demolished and replaced with a new set of architectural and institutional symbols. The most notable example is Moscow’s Cathedral of Christ the Savior, which was originally built in 1883, demolished by the Soviets in the 1930s, replaced with a public swimming pool in 1956, and rebuilt in 1998 to exactly replicate its appearance in 1883. Such efforts to “play… the course of history backward,” are discussed by Susan Buck-Morss (2000:85), one of the authors we will read this semester.

REQUIREMENTS:

1) Consistent attendance and active participation are required. Thoughtful participation counts for 15% of your grade.

2) An oral presentation summarizing the readings and raising questions to consider in our class discussion. This may be done in cooperation with one other student. Please write out discussion questions and email them to me at least 24 hours prior to our class meeting; I will copy and distribute them to all students at the start of class. In addition, a written précis is to be prepared in advance and used as the basis for class discussion. (20% of grade.)

3) An oral presentation in week 13 or 14 on the research topic of your final paper. (10% of grade).

4) A final paper (approx. 15 pages) on a topic of your choosing, due Thursday, April 27, in class (30% of grade). For many weeks of our semester, I have added

to the syllabus one or more readings under the label, “reference.” These are suggested readings for students who would like to pursue the topic further, perhaps for their final project. I am happy to offer additional suggestions on these or other topics.

4) A final essay (approximately 10 pages) that draws on your travel journal entries and further reflects on how your tour to Russia and Poland expanded, refined, or changed your views of our seminar topic. (25% of grade).

Introduction

Week 1 Marxist Visions and Theories: Communism as ‘Emancipation’

Marx, Karl Manifesto of the Communist Party (from Tucker, ed. The Marx-Engels Reader.)

Susan Buck Morss, 2000. On Time (Part II of Dreamworld and Catastrophe).

Week 2 Anti-Marxist Critiques from Within: Revolution as ‘Violence’

Mikhail Bulgakov, 1968 Heart of a Dog trans. Mirra Ginsburg. NY: Grove Press.

Excerpts from the film, Sobach’e Serdtse (1988 Russian language film, Heart of a Dog)

Reference: Nina Tumarkin, 1983. Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Week 3 Stalinism and Local Memory

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 1995. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, translated from the Russian by H.T. Willetts, New York : Knopf.

Vyssotsky, Vladimir (film) and songs on Stalinism and its aftermath in everyday life.

Reference: Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956; an experiment in literary investigation [by] Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn. Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney. New York, Harper & Row [1974-78].

Mandelstam, Natalia. Hope Beyond Hope

Ginzburg, Evgeniia Semenovna, 1967. Journey into the Whirlwind. Translated by Paul Stevenson and Max Hayward New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.

Week 4 Stalinism: Western Representations and Debates

Burbank, Jane 1991. Controversies over Stalinism: Searching for a Soviet Society. Politics and Society 19(3):325-340.

Merridale, Catherine. 2001. Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth Century Russia Viking Press (selections).

Film, The Manchurian Candidate

Reference: Applebaum, Anne 2003. Gulag: A History Doubleday.

Week 5 Eastern European Responses: “Living in Truth”

Czeslaw Milosz, 1953 The Captive Mind (selections)

Havel, Vaclev, 1992. “The Power of the Powerless” in Open Letters: Selected Writings 1965-1990. NY: Vintage Books.

Reference: Stokes, Gale. 1996. From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945, Second Edition (Oxford)

Stokes, Gale. 1993. The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press.

Week 6 Minorities and the Collective Self: Representation, Memory, and National Identity

Irwin-Zarecka, Iwona 1989. Neutralizing Memory: The Jew in Contemporary Poland. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. (selections)

Lemon, Alaina 2000. Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Postsocialism Duke University Press. (Introduction, Chapters 3, 4, 5)

Film: The Nasty Girl

Reference: Yuri Slezkine, The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism 1994. Slavic Review 53(2):414-452.

Week 7 The Making of “Transition” in Poland

Kubik, 1994. The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power. Pennsylvania State University Press. (selections)

Buchkowski, Michal. 2001. Rethinking Transformation: An Anthropological Perspective on Post-Socialism. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Humaniora. (selections)

Week 8 Changing Symbols of State and Nation

Kathleen E. Smith, 2003. “Conflict over Designing a Monument to Stalin’s Victims” in Architectures of Russian Identity, eds. James Cracraft and Daniel Rowland. Cornell University Press.

Bruce Grant, 2001. New Moscow Monuments, or, States of Innocence American Ethnologist 28(2):332-362.

Ashton, Dore, 1996. Monumental Propaganda. NY: Independent Curators Incorporated (selections by Komar and Melamid).

Reference:

Verdery, Katherine. 1998. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies Columbia University Press. (selections)

Borneman, John. 1992. Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation. Cambridge University Press.

Week 9 Negotiating Memory and Identity in Moments of Change

Slavenka Drakulic, 1996. Café Europa. NY: Penguin.

Reference: Ten Dyke, Elizabeth 2000. Memory, History, and Remembrance Work in Dresden In Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. University of Michigan Press. Pp. 139-157.

Hermine de. Soto 2000. Contested Landscapes: Reconstructing Environment and Memory in Postsocialist Saxony-Anhalt Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. University of Michigan Press. Pp.. 96-113.

Film: Sweet Emma, Dear Bobe

Week 10 Reconsidering “Transition”: The Rise and Fall of Utopias, East and West

Buck-Morss, Susan, 2000. Dreamworld and Catastrophe, Cambridge: MIT Press. (Parts 1 and 3)

Week 11 ‘Transition’ in New American Utopias I: American Interpretive Frames
Cohen, Stephen, 2000. Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia. NY: Norton. (selections)

OR

Wedel, Janine W. 2001. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe. NY: Palgrave. (Introduction, Chapters 1-3).

AND

Bohlman, Philip V. 2000. To Hear the Voices Still Heard: On Synagogue Restoration in Eastern Europe Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. University of Michigan Press. Pp. 40-69.

Week 12 Transition in American Fantasies: Post-Communist Poland in Expatriate Fiction

Beckman, John. 2002 The Winter Zoo NY: Henry Holt and Co.

Week 13 Student Presentations

Week 14 Student Presentations