Eglfing-Haar (Oberbayrische Kreis-, Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Eglfing-Haar)

332 children died in the special children's ward. 

The clinic Eglfing-Haar also has a special significance due to the fact that on Jan. 18, 1940, a group of male psychiatric patients left the clinic for Grafeneck and were murdered there, likely on the very same day. The first name on the transport list of this first group systematically murdered in a gassing facility of the program T4, was, as first reported by Henry Friedlander, Ludwig “Israel” Alexander - a German Jew. (The Nuremberg trial records that contain the picture of a copy of the transport list are now public record.)

Soon after the end of WWII the American major Leo Alexander, a physician commissioned to produce a report for the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee in preparation for the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial, visited Eglfing-Haar and noted his impressions as well as the facts he established in his report (see here: 1, 2, 3, 4), which he concluded in August 1945. The full report contains an extensive appendix not included in the version on the Internet (see Alexander 1945). The appendix contains copies of records concerning "euthanasia," including children, of which an important part, previously not known to historians, has been made available as part of an article by the author (Kaelber 2012; http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/2/3/157, supplementary file 2).

Dr. Gerhard Schmidt, who had been appointed acting medical director for Eglfing-Haar at the end of the war, collected various records (possibly including those that were presented to Dr. Alexander by Dr. von Braunmühl) and sought to publish them in a ms. that established what kinds of events had happened at Eglfing-Haar. This ms. constituted the first-ever detailed German documentation of "euthanasia" crimes in the postwar period for a specific locale, including "children's euthanasia." He also gave the first speech on the subject matter by a psychiatrist after WWII in a radio address to the public, on 20 Nov. 1945. Dr. Schmidt efforts of publishing his findings in the ms. as a book came to fruition only in 1965. He had been dismissed from his position as acting medical direction by the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior in 1946, in part due to the efforts of Dr. von Braunmühl, who had wished to return to Eglfing-Haar and did not appreciate Dr. Schmidt's revelations about "euthanasia" there. Subsequently, Dr. von Braunmühl was one of the directors of Bavarian Asylums who preferred to have silence about the past crimes, so much so that in his contribution to a fiftieth-anniversary publication on the asylum Eglfing-Haar he made only vague references to the Nazi crimes (Bezirk Oberbayern 1956, p. 22; see Hohendorf, pp. 39-40). A commemorative volume (Festschrift) on occasion of the 75th anniversary was equally mum on the subject (Bezirkskrankenhaus Haar 1980).

Things began to change in the mid-1980s, when residents among the clinic's physicians noticed that Dr. Pfannmüller's picture was missing among those of former directors of the clinic in the administrative building - but without any explanation. Also, the newly appointed Protestant reverent K. Rückert at the clinic noticed that civilian (including) "euthanasia" victims of war were not mentioned during the memorial at the warriors' memorial on the annual national day of mourning (Volkstrauertag), and Rev. Rückert organized a procession on the eve of the national day of mourning in 1985 to address the "euthanasia" past of the clinic.

Source: Author.

Yet local resistance to the commemoration of "euthanasia" victims continued, including but not limited to members of the municipal council. During the discussion some even denied that "euthanasia" crimes had been committed at Eglfing-Haar. After a vote a bare majority of council members in favor of a plaque to commemorate the events, in 1987 such a plaque, as proposed by Rev.  Rückert, was placed next to the existing warriors' memorial. It reads: "For the victims of persecution, Euthanasia, war, imprisonment, displacement. The community of Haar." A reference to Dr. Pfannmüller was added to the gallery of directors.

Source: Author.

On the initiative of physicians at the hospital a memorial created by the sculptor Josef Gollwitzer was placed next to the Protestant chapel in 1990. The occasion was the 50th anniversary of the first transport of  patients to the T4 killing facility Grafeneck. The bronze plate has the inscription "In memory of the victims of Euthanasia during the time of National Socialism and as a warning." Children's "euthanasia" is not separately mentioned there, but a display close to the memorial displays the inscription and the following additional text: "On 18 January 1940 the first patients were sent off for extermination. 50 years later the dedication of the memorial occurred. Denial, forgetting, and repression of these acts of violent do not result in liberation. Only the deliberate look into this dark mirror enables us to decide and act freely and prevents us from incurring guilt once again. On the order of the National Socialist government in 1940-41, as far as is known, 924 patients at Eglfing-Haar and 746 people who had previously lived at other institutions were transported to a facility of death. At least 332 children fell victim to a systematic killing by means of an overdose of sedatives between November 1940 and May 1945. From 1943 to 1945 429 patients died in so-called 'hunger homes' as a result of receiving a special diet without fat or protein. Detailed documentation [is available] in the museum of psychiatry." A report details the commemorative events in 1990 (Bezirk Oberbayern 1992). In contrast to the commemorative volume (Festschrift) 15 years earlier, the Festschrift on occasion of the 90th anniversary now included, for the first time, a page expressly dedicated to thematizing the "euthanasia" murders (Bezirkskrankenhaus Haar 1995, p. 27).

Source: http://www.bezirk-oberbayern.de/showobject.phtml?La=1&object=tx|379.2695.1&sub=0

After earlier attempts to establish a museum in 1980 and 1984 did not materialize, in 2005, on occasion of the centenary of the foundation of the clinic, a museum of psychiatry opened on clinic property, based on the efforts of clinic personnel in the nursing department. The museum documents the 100-year history of the clinic and contains such things as a reconstructed living room, parts of an isolation cell, and medical equipment. In one room it addresses the NS-period, which includes references to children's "euthanasia." By 2008, the museum had welcomed its 5,000th visitor, and it expects to have an annual number of 2,000 visitors over the next few years, drawing from students, patients, political groups, and members of civic and charitable organizations. There is also an art installation in the stairway of the building housing the museum, entitled "Let me fell your life." There has also been a reading from a novel, "Der Blechsoldat," by writer Marianne Ach.

On January 18, 2010, on occasion of the first transport of 18 men from Eglfing-Haar to the gas murder facility Grafeneck (the first "official" T4 transport), commemorative events were held at both Eglfing-Haar and Stuttgart.

Source: Author.

 

Krischer, Markus. 2006. Kinderhaus: Leben und Ermordung des Mädchens Edith Hecht. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.

Michler, Rainer and Gabi Forcht. 1984. "Morde an geisteskranken Kindern und Jugendlichen in Haar." Türspalt 10: 29-36. Available at http://www.kulturkritik.net/psychiatrie/haar/index.html.

Richarz, Bernhard. 1987. Heilen, Pflegen, Töten: Zur Alltagsgeschichte einer Heil- und Pflegeanstalt bis zum Ende des Nationalsozialismus. Göttingen: Verlag für Medizinische Psychologie.

Rückert, Klaus. 2009 (September). Personal communication.

Schmidt, Gerhard. 1965. Selektion in der Heilanstalt, 1939-1945. Stuttgart: Evangelisches Verlagswerk.

———. 2005. "Das unerwünschte Buch." Pp. 3-10 in Aktuelle Kernfragen in der Psychiatrie, edited by Felix Böcker and Wolfgang Weig. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Steger, Florian. 2006. "Neuropathological research at the 'Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie' (German Institute for Psychiatric Research) in Munich (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute): Scientific utilization of children's organs from the 'Kinderfachabteilungen' (Children's Special Departments) at Bavarian State Hospitals." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 15: 173-85.

Stockdreher, Petra. 1999. "Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Eglfing-Haar." Pp. 327-62 in Psychiatrie im Nationalsozialismus: Die Bayerischen Heil- und Pflegeanstalten zwischen 1933 und 1945, edited by M. von Cranach and H.-L. Siemen. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.

Tiedemann, Sibylle von. 2014. "Dezentrale 'Euthanasie' in der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Eglfing-Haar: Eine Untersuchung der Münchner Todesfälle, 1939-1945." Pp. 34-51 in Die "Euthanasie"-Opfer zwischen Stigmatisierung und Anerkennung: Forschungs- und Ausstellungsprojekte zu den Verbrechen an psychisch Kranken und die Frage der Namensnennung der Münchner "Euthanasie"-Opfer, edited by Gerrit Hohendorf, Stefan Raueiser, Michael von Cranach, and Sibylle von Tiedemann. Munster: Kontur.

———. 2005. "Der 'Reichsausschuß zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden': Die Ermordung minderjähriger Kranker im Nationalsozialismus 1939-1945." Master's Thesis in History, University of Berlin.