Sample questions to use for studying
Please note:
These questions may be used Ð but if so, they will be modified (multiple choice answer order changed, true might become false, etcÉ) Find the answers in your textbook and in the powerpoints. Many of these are questions from the authors test bank.
I have also provided a list of vocabulary/concepts at the end of this sample list of questions.
In addition, on the midterm:
There will be a WORD BANK for the fill in the blank section.
There will be at least one print ad to analyze for signs: icon, index, symbol.
There will be a diagram/essay question on how the eye and brain see as a system.
There will also be an EXTRA CREDIT SECTION.
CHAPTER 1
TO SENSE. TO SELECT. TO PERCEIVE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is false?
A. The proportion of remembered to forgotten images is quite small.
B. Direct images are those you experience from inside your mind such as thoughts, dreams and fantasies.
C. For an image to be consciously remembered it must make such a strong impression with words and pictures that you want to recall it again and again.
D. You have a better chance of remembering a dream if you tell a friend about it immediately.
2. Marie is thinking about a story she once read about dragons. She has a clear image in her mind about what the dragon looks like. She is using which of the following?
A. a mental image
B. a direct image
C. a mediated image
D. none of the above
3. Which process leads to long term memory of images?
A. repetitive mental viewing
B. strong emotional attachments to the image
C. both of these
D. none of these
4. When an image is associated with deeper, perhaps emotional connections, it is said to have which of the following?
A. a literal component
B. a symbolic component
C. a linguistic component
D. a verbal component
5. Which of the following is the stage of the visual process which involves letting enough light enter your eyes so that you can see an object?
A. sensing
B. selecting
C. perceiving
D. all of these
6. When you isolate a particular element from a field of vision, you are said to be:
A. sensing
B. remembering
C. perceiving
D. none of these
7. According to Huxley, which of the following processes involves making sense of what you see?
A. Sensing
B. Perceiving
C. Knowing
D. None of these
8. Sharif is an expert tennis player. He is watching a tennis match with Tom, a friend who is new to the game. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the situation?
A. Sharif can probably perceive the ball's flight better than Tom because of his previous experience with tennis matches.
B. Both Sharif and Tom perceive about the same during the match.
C. Tom can probably perceive the ball's flight better than Sharif because he is not distracted by the details of the match.
D. Tom sees more than Sharif but Sharif remembers more about the match.
9. Which of the following elements separates and differentiates visual images?
A. their intent
B. their content
C. the medium
D. all of these
10. In the visual communication "circle dance," the more you perceive, the more you:
A. sense
B. select
C. remember
D. learn
13. Photographs have an overwhelming power to determine what we recall of events.
14. The first stage of Huxley's clear vision is to select.
15. Previous experience with specific visual messages is a key in seeing clearly.
16. __________ images are the type of visual images processed by the brain that are seen through some type of print or screen medium.
17. The __________ component of verbal and visual images provides understanding of the message.
18. To __________ is the stage of Huxley's visual theory in which the person makes sense of the image.
19. The goal of __________ communication is to produce powerful pictures so that the viewer will remember their content.
20. In visual communication's "circle dance, the more you learn, the more you __________.
21. Name the three stages of Huxley's clear vision. Provide a specific example of each stage. Explain how understanding each stage could make us more observant.
TRUE-FALSE
22. Visible light is a chemical reaction that occurs in our brains.
CHAPTER 3
MULTIPLE CHOICE
27. The "whites of the eye", the tough, protective membrane around the eye is which of the following?
A. sclera
B. cornea
C. vitreous humor
D. aqueous humor
28. Which of the following is the function of the cornea?
A. The cornea reduces the speed of light by 25 percent.
B. The cornea bends the light to the center of the eye to aid in focusing?
C. The cornea contain no blood vessels that would interfere with the passage of light.
D. All of these are functions of the cornea.
29. Which of the following statements about the retina is true?
A. The retina contains about 118 million cells responsible for color vision
B. The retina's photoreceptors line about 85% of the back of the eyeball
C. The retina contains about 7 million cells responsible for nighttime viewing
D. None of these (i.e., all of these are false)
30. Cones allow us to see all of the following except:
A. color
B. fine detail
C. quick movement
D. texture
31. Which of the following part of the brain is responsible for basic perception of size, distance, shape, color, location, and subject-to-background relationships?
A. The Cerebrum
B. The Hippocampus
C. The Temporal Lobe
D. The Visual Cortex
32. More than 90 percent of all the sensory receptors in the human body are in the eyes.
33. Humans process their images within the visual cortex of the brain.
34. While the image on a camera film is inverted (i.e., upside-down) but the image on the retina is right-side up.
35. The macula is responsible for the most acutely focused detail in the eye.
36. The occipital lobe is part of the limbic system that process short-term memories into long-term memories.
37. The __________ is the dark opening in the center of the iris.
38. __________ is a reddish-purple pigment inside each rod that is chemically bleached by strong light
39. Layers of __________, a fatty substance, build up between neurons and are responsible for memory.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
40. Young and Helmholtz argued that color perception is a result of mixing which of the following?
A. black and white
B. white, black, red, yellow, green, and blue
C. red, green, and blue
D. none of these
41. According to anthropologist Evelyn Hatcher, which type of lines convey a mood of playfulness, suppleness, and movement?
A. horizontal lines
B. curved lines
C. diagonal lines
D. vertical lines
42. Which shape is the most dynamic and active of shapes?
A. the square
B. the circle
C. the triangle
D. the rectangle
43. According to Sir Charles Wheatstone, the brain perceives depth because:
A. humans have binocular vision
B. humans can sense different colors
C. humans try to associate three or more dots in an image with an imaginary line
D. each brain cell in the visual cortex almost reacts in a one-to-one relationship with the type of visual stimulation it receives
44. All of the following are depth cues except:
A. color
B. space
C. time
D. none of these (i.e., all are depth cues)
45. Carlos is looking down a railroad track and notices that the track rails converge, coming together at a distance. He is experiencing which of the following?
A. Illusionary Perspective
B. Geometrical Perspective
C. Conceptual Perspective
D. Graphic Perspective
46. Motion pictures and television rely on which of the following to convey movement?
A. Apparent Movement
B. Graphic Movement
C. Implied Movement
D. Visual Vibration
47. According to David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel, and other scientists, the brain cells primarily respond primarily to differences in all of the following except:
A. color
B. form
C. depth
D. perspective
50. People can distinguish between 150 and 200 of the millions of possible colors.
51. Warm-colored objects appear closer than cool-colored objects.
52. An isosceles triangle conveys a serene mood because its symmetrical balance.
53. Artists like Georges Seurat used a technique called __________ in which the painter used small colored dots that formed an image when viewed from about 8 feet away.
54. The ridges seen on a sand dune or the ripples in a pond are examples of the __________ depth cue.
55. __________ movement is a motion that a viewer perceives in a still, single image without any movement of object, image, or eye.
56. List the four primary cues that the brain uses to perceive visual images. Give examples of a television or movie scene that illustrates each of the four cues.
Chapter 5
57. The Gestalt principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts means which of the following?
A. The meaning behind a sign must be learned.
B. The more you know, the more you see.
C. The speed of comprehension of each type of sign varies.
D. Perception is a result of a combinations of sensations and not of individual sensual elements.
58. Annabelle and Edgar are holding hands in a photograph of their prom date and they are standing off to the side and away from the chaperone. A viewer will see Annabelle and Edgar as more closely related to each other than they are to the chaperone. This illustrates which of the following laws?
A. The Gestalt Law of Similarity
B. The Gestalt Law of Proximity
C. The Gestalt Law of Continuation
D. The Gestalt Law of Common Fate
59. In a photograph of a concert crowd giving a standing ovation to the performers, one person is noticeable because he is the only person in the aisle that is remaining seated. The person is noticeable because of which of the following laws?
A. The Gestalt Law of Similarity
B. The Gestalt Law of Proximity
C. The Gestalt Law of Continuation
D. The Gestalt Law of Common Fate
60. The idea of camouflage is based on which of the following principles?
A. that figure dominates over ground
B. that ground dominates over figure
C. that there is little or no differentiation between figure and ground
D. none of the above
61. Which of the following theories enhances the gestalt approach by suggesting the importance of the viewer's mental state during active viewing?
A. Constructivism
B. Pierce's Theory of Signs
C. Semiotics
D. Cognitive Approach
62. Which type of sign is the most abstract?
A. Iconic Signs
B. Indexical Signs
C. Symbolic Signs
D. Doric Signs
63. Anthony notices that his girlfriend's blue eyes remind him of the sky on a bright summer morning. This is an example of which of the following?
A. Metonymic Code
B. Analogical Code
C. Displaced Code
D. Condensed Code
64. Seisha is trying to locate her coat on a coat rack at a party. The fact that all of the coats that are not hers have no visual significance is an example of which of the following cognitive features of perception?
A. Memory
B. Projection
C. Habituation
D. None of these
65. Hillary is finding it difficult to concentrate on her anatomy textbook showing the bones of the human body because there is music coming from several other dorm rooms. She is suffering from which of the following cognitive factors?
A. Salience
B. Dissonance
C. Projection
D. None of these
66. For the most part our conscious thoughts are famed as which of the following?
A. Projections
B. Habituations
C. Expectations
D. Words
67. Sensual theories, like gestalt and constructivism, that are concerned mainly with the meaning that humans associate with the images they see.
68. The gestalt law of similarity states that given a choice by the brain, you will select the simplest and most stable to concentrate on.
69. Iconic signs have a logical, common sense connection to the thing or idea they represent.
70. Mnemonics are memory aids that use pictures to help recall certain events or long passages.
71. Culture is restricted to a country's borders.
72. The gestalt law of __________ rests on the principle that the brain does not prefer sudden or unusual changes in the movement of a line.
73. A(n) __________ is simply anything that stands for something else.
74. __________ is the term that Roland Barthes uses for a chain of associations of signs.
75. Tarot cards, I-Ching, and astrological signs are all examples of the cognitive principle called __________.
76. The cognitive principle of __________ asserts that a birdwatcher is better able to identify types of birds than the average person.
Chapter 6
MULTIPLE CHOICE
77. The photograph of David Kirby, dying of AIDS and surrounded by his family, used to advertise Benetton is an example of which of the following?
A. shock advertising
B. decisive moment journalism
C. public relations
D. propaganda
78. Which of the following fields uses persuasive techniques to support existing opinions, check attitudes, and cause action by those who view their output?
A. Advertising
B. Public Relations
C. Journalism
D. All of these
79. Which of the following of Aristotle's components of persuasion refers to emotional appeals used in persuasive messages?
A. ethos
B. pathos
C. logos
D. arthos
81. Which of the following fields seeks to gain the public's support for issues and services identified as important by corporate executives?
A. Advertising
B. Public Relations
C. Journalism
D. All of these
82. Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" during the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show is an example of which of the following?
A. the corporate influence in newsrooms
B. the tabloid mentality in journalism
C. the influence of "spin doctors"
D. celebrities manipulating news outlet
83. All shock advertising is used for commercial reasons.
84. Ethos refers to Aristotle's component of persuasion concerned with source credibility.
85. The word "propaganda" started out as a neutral term without negative connotations.
86. Public Relations had its beginning during World War II in a public opinion campaign initiated by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
87. In the mid-1970s 92 percent of prime-time television viewers watched one of the top three networks (ABC, CBS or NBC) but cable broadcasting shrank that to 60 percent.
88. __________ is Aristotle's component of persuasion concerned with logical arguments.
89. The term used for the print equivalents of television infomercials is __________.
90. Pop up ads and pop under windows are advertising techniques used by __________.
91. A public relations tool used to provide pictures and interviews that a television station doesn't have access or time to get is a(n) ____________.
92. Shows about fashion, food and other topics that are designed to attract consumers who can afford to buy products advertised are called __________ news stories.
CHAPTER 7
IMAGES THAT INJURE:PICTORIAL STEREOTYPES IN THE MEDIA
93. The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon has been criticized by which of the following charges?
A. The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon is a fraudulent use of funds.
B. The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon is a pity campaign.
C. The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon is a stereotypical campaign.
D. None of these
94. Which of the following terms refers to a set of learned and mutually accepted rules that define all forms communication for a group of people during a particular time period.
A. stereotypes
B. racism
C. culture
D. prejudice
95. Dominant cultures:
A. have the most members in a multicultural society.
B. have members that do not cross ethnic, racial, gender, and other lines.
C. have the most economic and political influence over an entire society.
D. reflect none of these.
96. Dominant cultural groups include the media.
97. Every form of prejudice is based on the assumption that members of one group are better than members of another because of false opinions about physical, intellectual, and social characteristics.
98. Cultural _________ are learned behaviors based on several interrelated factors.
99. In A Theory of Justice John Rawls explained the __________ in which members of all cultural groups must retreat into original positions in which cultural rules and social differences disappear.
Direct, mediated, mental images
How the eye sees light, color, movement
Sensing, selecting, perceiving
Primary colors in light, primary colors in pigment
Color constancy
Hue, value, chroma
Color harmonies: monochromatic, complementary, analogous
Color and visual temperature Ð cool and warm
Color and spatial effects
Simultaneous contrast
Why we perceive depth - Depth cues Ð 8 techniques
Emotion and memory
The role of the retina
Rod, cones, foveal pit, vitreous humor, macula, etcÉ (parts of the eye and what they do in the process of receiving light)
binocular vision
The visual cortex
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
The Hippocampus
The thalamus
Gestalt and the four ÔlawsÕ Ð similarity, proximity, common fate, continuation
Figure/ground
Saccadic eye movements and eye tracking
What is Entasis and other optical illusions
Semiotics Ð the three types of signs by Pierce: icon, index, symbol
Connotation, denotation
Barthes codes Ð metonymic, analogical, etcÉ
Cognition Ð influences (projection, memory, expectation, etcÉ)
Aristotles components of persuasion - Ethos, Logos, Pathos
Public Relations
Infomercials
Advertorials
Long term memory and emotional imagery
Stereotype
Cultural norms
Veil of ignorance
Persuasion versus Propaganda