TSS, or Total Suspended Solids, measure the portion of total sediments retained by a filter. Volatile solids measure the sediments which are able to be burned off of a dried sediment sample.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are comprised of organic and mineral particles that are transported in the water column. TSS is closely linked to land erosion and to erosion of river channels. TSS can be extremely variable, ranging from less than 5 mg/L to extremes of 30,000 mg/L. TSS is also linked to the transport of nutrients (especially phosphorus), metals, and a wide range of industrial and agricultural chemicals.
Suspended solids can clog fish gills, either killing them or reducing their growth rate. Higher TSS (>1000 mg/L) may greatly affect water use by limiting light penetration and can limit reservoir life through sedimentation of suspended matter. This reduces the ability of algae to produce food and oxygen. In a study in which TSS concentrations were increased to 80 mg/L, the macroinvertebrate population was decreased by 60%. Suspended solids can also interfere with the coagulation, filtration, and disinfection required for effective drinking water treatment. Suspended sediments also interfere with recreational use and aesthetic enjoyment of water.
There are no quantitative criteria for TSS and volatile solids. Vermont Water Quality Standards state that TSS concentrations "should not exceed an amount that would prevent the full support of uses."
