The University of Vermont

Paraeducator Support

Paraeducator Support:

Additional Resources Re:

"Developing a Shared Understanding..."
(Giangreco, et al., 1999).

The Additional Resources Listed Below Relate Directly to Statement #23

Times and mechanisms should be established to allow opportunities for paraeducators to be oriented to teacher's plans, report on student progress, ask questions, and offer their perspectives.

Non Data-Based Literature

Data-Based Literature

Training Materials

Ideas From the Field

Non Data-Based Literature

Ashbaker, B. (2000, January). Bilingual paraeducators: What we can learn from Rosa. NASSP Bulletin, 84(612), 53-56. Summary Available

Blalock, G. (1991). Paraprofessionals: Critical team members in our special education programs. Intervention in School and Clinic, 36, 200-214. Summary Available

Doyle, M. B. (2002). The paraprofessionals guide to the inclusive classroom: Working as a team. (2nd ed.) Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks.  Publisher's Summary and Order Form Available

French, N. (2002, September). Maximize paraprofessional services for students with learning disabilities. Interventions in Schools and Clinic, 38(1), 50-55. Summary Available

Hilton, A., Gerlach, K., (1997). Employment, preparation and management of paraeducators: Challenges to appropriate service for students with developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 32, 71-76. Summary Available

Jones, K. H., & Bender, W. N. (1993). Utilization of paraprofessionals in special education: A review of the literature. Remedial and Special Education, 14,7-14. Summary Available

Miller, C., & Levack, N. (Eds.). (1997). A paraprofessional's handbook for working with students who are visually impaired.Austin: Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired.
Summary Available

Miramontes, O. B. (1990). Organizing for effective paraprofessional services in special education: A multilingual/multiethnic instructional service team model. Remedial and Special Education, 12, 29-36. Summary Available

Morgan, J., Ashbaker, B.Y., & Forbush,D. (2000, November/December). Special helpers. American School Board Journal, 187(1), 54-56. Summary Available

U.S Department of Education (1997). Roles of education paraprofessionals in effective schools: An idea book. Washington, DC: Author. Summary Available

Wadsworth, D. E., & Knight, D. (1996). Paraprofessionals: The Bridge to Successful Full Inclusion. Intervention in School and Clinic, 31(3), 166-171. Summary Available

Data-Based Research

Lamont, L. L.., & Hill, J. L. (1991). Roles and responsibilities of paraprofessionals in the regular elementary classroom. BC Journal of Special Education, 15(1), 1-24. Summary Available

Marks, S.U., Schrader, C., & Levine, M. (1999). Paraeducator Experiences: Helping, Hovering, or Holding Their Own? Exceptional Children, 65(3), 315-319. Summary Available

Welch, M., Richards, G., Okada, T., Richards, J., & Prescott, S. (1995). A consultation and paraprofessional pull-in system of service delivery: A report on student outcomes and teacher satisfaction. Remedial and Special Education, 16(1), 16-28. Summary Available

Training Materials

None Available at This Time

Ideas From the Field

Ideas from the field were generated and put into practice by school teams who used the the tool,
"A Guide to Schoolwide Planning for Paraeducator Supports"

  • Create times before, during, and after school for paraeducators to meet with teachers and special educators. For example, establish rotating group supervision to free-up time
  • Establish a communication journal to be shared among team members
  • Use "early dismissal" for paraeducators training and/or to do joint training/meetings with teachers and special educators

Questions for Paraeducators to Ask Teachers to Clarify Roles and Responsibilities
Source: Founders Memorial School, Essex Junction, VT, September, 2000

Time Use Ideas; Source: Essex Junction, VT Elementary Teachers

If you do not have Acrobat Reader 3.01 or higher you may download a copy of it for free!

A complete list of Selected Paraeducator References 1990 - 2003 with summaries is also available.

Last modified February 14 2008 11:20 AM

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