You may also use books found at the library as references, depending on your topic, but may not use only books to the exclusion of articles in learned journals. Since you should be focused on a very narrow topic (to cut down on your bibliography), it is unlikely that a general book, say on the Peloponnesian War, or even on Themistocles, or on the late Roman Republic or on Caesar, will have enough specific information and analysis about a narrow topic such as a particular battle or political action.

L'Année philologique is in the reference room (Z7016.A56); there is another copy at 481 Main Street room 302. Please ask me to show you how to use it if you can't find things. If you carry volumes of this around the library in order to make it more convenient to find things, please carry the volumes back to their proper place in the Reference Room.

The first section of this reference work (after the table of contents and list of abbreviations) is alphabetical by ancient author, beginning on page 1, usually with Ablabius. This is the part where you look for articles about a specific ancient author. Note: there is no upper-case U in Latin, and often no lower-case v, thus Livy (Titus Livius) comes out Titus Liuius in the text or TITVS LIVIVS in the running heads on the right-hand pages (similarly with other authors). The running heads on the left-hand pages say AUTEURS ET TEXTES (Authors and Texts).

There are indices in the back. To find a person who is not an author (e.g., Sulla or Alcibiades) use the Index Nominum Antiquorum (Index of Ancient Names). The spelling in this index may not be what you are used to (Thucydides comes out Thoukudides, which is a direct transliteration of the Greek; in general, any Greek name you have learnt with a C in it will have K instead). Romans may be found either under their familiar name (Cicero, Caesar) or their Roman family name, which is a more proper way (Tullius and Iulius, respectively). For any volume of L'Année philologique from 1976 through 2003, the list of numbers after each name will be to entry numbers (there are many entries on each page), not to page numbers. Prior to 1976 the entry numbers were not used (see the example of an article by Henderson, below, from 1963).

To find the volume number of your volume of L'Année philologique, look on the spine. It will be in Roman numerals, which you need to translate to Arabic numbers.

Here is an example from 1983, p. 83, straight out of L'Année philologique: Konrad C.F., "Reges Armenii patricios resalutare non solent?" A note on Cicero, Ad Att. 2.7.2. f.: AJPh CIV 1983 278-281. / Cicero's jibes at Clodius show how he misread the situation in the spring of 59. [1388

The part beginning "Cicero's jibes" is a synopsis of the article. You don't want to pay attention to that at this point and it doesn't matter what language the synopsis is written in; if the article title is in English, the article is in English. This entry is an article, not a book. You can tell it's an article because the title of the work is followed by a bunch of letters (AJPh) that look like an abbreviation, then Roman numerals (the volume number, which you need to translate into Arabic numerals), year, and page numbers. Then there is a synopsis of the contents, often written in French or German but not in this case. Last, there is the entry number (1388), which you would need to reproduce (see the sample below) as 54-01388 if you had to get this article from Interlibrary Loan (they like to have an exact reference showing that an article they request from another institution actually exists). Where does the 54 come from? 1983 is volume 54 of L'Année philologique. You can tell that by looking on the spine of the book (it says LIV).

How do you find out what AJPh means? You look up AJPh in the abbreviations in the front, and will find it on p. xvii. It stands for American Journal of Philology. Check Voyager. This periodical is in our library.

How to cite an article in the traditional manner (the order of elements is usually different in L'Année philologique):

Henderson, M.I. "The Establishment of the 'equester ordo'." JRS 53 (1963) 61-72. [JRS is the Journal of Roman Studies] APh volume 34 (1963) p. 502

Kaster, Robert A. "Humanitas and Roman Education." SStor 9 (1986) 5-15. 59-13305 (SStor is Storia della storiografia). The 59 is the volume number of APh; 13305 is the entry number.

Take a look at L'Année philologique volume 73 (2002):

Thucydides (THVCYDIDES) starts on p. 712; the first entries are texts, commentaries, and translations. Then near the top of p. 713 one sees the word Études (Studies) and this is where one wants to look.

The first entry there is: Balot, Ryan K. Greed and injustice in classical Athens [Thucydides]. Then there is an arrow and the information 73-14896. This means that this work by Ryan Balot is either a book chapter or it is given with full information under an author other than Thucydides, and that you will find more information at entry 14896 in this volume (volume 73). Each entry in the volume has its own number, from 00001 until something with five digits. 14896 is on p. 1494 and it turns out that this is a book by Ryan Balot, title the same as the title given above, published by Princeton University Press in 2001. There are chapters on authors other than Thucydides.

The second entry is in Italian.

The third entry is another thing with an arrow directing you to 73-08042. This turns out to be: Bravo, Benedetto. Pseudo-Herodotus and Pseudo-Thucydides on Scythia, Thrace, and the regions "beyond". ASNP 2000 Ser. 4a5(1): 21-112. Translation: ASNP is the abbreviation for a learned journal and you can find the whole title of the journal in the abbreviations way at the front of the book. Look on p. XXVI. There you see that ASNP = Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (this periodical cannot be found in UVM's library but if you wanted this you would need to use Interlibrary Loan).

The fourth entry is in Italian.

The fifth entry is an article in a journal and looks like this:
Calligeri, Dimitra. The Dorian-Ionian distinction in Thucydides' books VI and VII. Platon 2001-2002 52: 255-262. Although the description of the contents is written in French, this article is in English as you can tell from its title. The periodical, however, cannot be found in the UVM library.

The seventh entry is a book:
Cawkwell, George. Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War. London; New York: Routledge, 1997. IX-162 p. index. This information tells you the place of publication, date, publisher, and total number of pages. There follows a double vertical line and an arrow directing you to 69-05789, i.e., volume 69 entry 05789. Volume 69 is the first one in which a notice of this particular book appeared. After the next vertical line you will see this: NECJ 1998-1999 26(5): 44-47 E.K. Anhalt. Translation: E.K. Anhalt wrote a review of this book and published it in volume 26 (1998-1999) of the New England Classical Journal pages 44-47.

Using the indices in the back: Index Nominum Antiquorum begins on p. 1687 of volume 73. On p. 1687 you will see Agrippa, Augustus' right-hand man, with an arrow after the name directing you to Vipsanius Agrippa, Marcus (consul en 37 av. J.-C.). So to find something about Agrippa, look under Vipsanius. On p. 1688 you can find Aristodemus, tyrant of Cyme, listed as Aristodemos (tyran de Kyme). Aristeides (or Aristides) is called Aristeides (homme d'état athénien).

Returning to Aristeides, you will see the number 7784. This translates into 73-07784 and if you go to p. 780 you will find it, an article in Spanish. If you want to find Cimon in the index, look under K and you will find him on p. 1695. He is described both as an Athenian statesman (same as Aristeides was described) and as son (fils) of Miltiades. He has four numbers: 709, 864, 2485, 4498 (i.e., 73-00709, 73-00864, 73-02485, 73-04498).

The geographical index (Index Geographicus) can also be useful. In volume 73 it starts on p. 1703 with abbreviations, with the listings beginning on p. 1704. If you want to find out what someone has written about Megara, on p. 1718 you will see three entries beginning Megar-. The first is Megara, the city-state near Athens. The second is Megara Hyblaea, the Greek colony near Syracuse. The third is the Megarid, the general area of the city-state but larger than the city itself.

Details and Rules:

In order to get going more quickly, you can also use online search tools available through the library, e.g., JSTOR. Know, however, that JSTOR and the Humanities Index do not have license agreements with the publishers of all journals, and that you will miss important things if you do all of your searching online. For example, the periodical Historia (found in Voyager as Historia [Wiesbaden]) is not one of the journals referenced by JSTOR, although so many people publish there that you will likely find at least one of your articles in that journal.